A2

Elementary Spanish

A2 Spanish Vocabulary: 250 Everyday Words

Expand your elementary Spanish with 250 useful words for routines, travel, shopping, health, work, and everyday descriptions.

At A2, vocabulary starts connecting into longer descriptions and practical exchanges. These terms help you handle familiar situations with less hesitation. Notice the complete phrase around each word instead of memorizing an isolated translation.

01

Relationships and life events

Talk about relatives, partners, neighbors, and the main events of a life story.

21 entries

el tío

noun

uncle

Gender
masculine
Forms
el tío · los tíos

Mi tío Ramón nos llevó a pescar ayer.

My uncle Ramón took us fishing yesterday.

Usage note Los tíos can mean uncles or aunt and uncle together. In Spain, tío is also slang for 'guy'.

la tía

noun

aunt

Gender
feminine
Forms
la tía · las tías

Mi tía nos enseñó a hacer tamales.

My aunt taught us to make tamales.

Usage note Tía abuela = great-aunt. In Spain, tía is also informal for 'woman' or 'girl' among friends.

el primo

noun

cousin

Gender
masculine
Forms
el primo · los primos

Mis primos de Bogotá vienen a la boda.

My cousins from Bogotá are coming to the wedding.

Usage note A female cousin is la prima; los primos covers both. Primo hermano = first cousin.

la pareja

noun

partner; couple; pair

Gender
feminine
Forms
la pareja · las parejas

Rosa y su pareja abrieron una panadería.

Rosa and her partner opened a bakery.

Usage note Always feminine, whatever the partner's gender. Una pareja joven = a young couple.

el vecino

noun

neighbor

Gender
masculine
Forms
el vecino · los vecinos

El vecino de arriba pone la música muy alta.

The upstairs neighbor plays music very loud.

Usage note A female neighbor is la vecina. De arriba / de abajo = upstairs / downstairs.

el compañero

noun

classmate; coworker; companion

Gender
masculine
Forms
el compañero · los compañeros

Un compañero de clase me prestó sus apuntes.

A classmate lent me his notes.

Usage note Feminine compañera. Specify the context: compañero de clase, de trabajo, de cuarto (roommate).

casarse

verb

to get married

Forms
present: me caso · preterite: me casé · participle: casado

Laura se casa con Andrés en junio.

Laura is marrying Andrés in June.

Usage note The spouse is introduced by con: casarse con alguien. Estar casado describes the resulting state.

nacer

verb

to be born

Forms
present: nazco · preterite: nací · participle: nacido

Nací en Caracas, pero crecí en Mérida.

I was born in Caracas, but I grew up in Mérida.

Usage note Not passive in Spanish: nací = I was born. Birth is normally told with the preterite.

crecer

verb

to grow; to grow up

Forms
present: crezco · preterite: crecí · participle: crecido

Mis hijos crecieron hablando inglés y español.

My children grew up speaking English and Spanish.

Usage note Irregular yo form crezco. Also used for things increasing: la ciudad crece cada año.

mudarse

verb

to move (house)

Forms
present: me mudo · preterite: me mudé · participle: mudado

Nos mudamos a un barrio más tranquilo.

We're moving to a quieter neighborhood.

Usage note Reflexive for changing homes: mudarse de casa, mudarse a otra ciudad. Mover = to move an object.

reunirse

verb

to meet; to get together

Forms
present: me reúno · preterite: me reuní · participle: reunido

Los primos nos reunimos cada Navidad.

We cousins get together every Christmas.

Usage note Written accent on reúno, reúnes, reúne, reúnen. Reunirse con alguien; used for family and work.

invitar

verb

to invite; to treat (pay for)

Forms
present: invito · preterite: invité · participle: invitado

Te invito a cenar por tu cumpleaños.

I'm taking you out to dinner for your birthday.

Usage note Invitar a + infinitive or event. Te invito often means 'my treat': the speaker pays.

visitar

verb

to visit

Forms
present: visito · preterite: visité · participle: visitado

Cada verano visitamos a nuestros abuelos en el pueblo.

Every summer we visit our grandparents in the village.

Usage note Needs personal a before people (visitar a mi tía) but not before places (visitar Roma).

recordar

verb

to remember; to remind

Forms
present: recuerdo · preterite: recordé · participle: recordado

¿Recuerdas el nombre de aquel restaurante?

Do you remember the name of that restaurant?

Usage note Stem change o→ue. Recordar algo a alguien = to remind someone; acordarse de is a synonym.

olvidar

verb

to forget

Forms
present: olvido · preterite: olvidé · participle: olvidado

Siempre olvido dónde dejo el paraguas.

I always forget where I leave my umbrella.

Usage note For accidental lapses, se me olvidó (it slipped my mind) sounds more natural than olvidé.

llevarse bien

verb

to get along (well)

Forms
present: me llevo bien · preterite: me llevé bien · participle: llevado

Mi hermana y yo nos llevamos muy bien.

My sister and I get along very well.

Usage note Add con for the other person. The opposite is llevarse mal: se lleva mal con su jefe.

solo

adjective

alone; on one's own

Forms
solo · sola · solos · solas

Mi abuelo tiene ochenta años y vive solo.

My grandfather is eighty and lives alone.

Usage note As an adjective it agrees (sola, solos). The adverb solo = only; sentirse solo = to feel lonely.

junto

adjective

together; next to (junto a)

Forms
junto · junta · juntos · juntas

Mis hermanas trabajan juntas en un hospital.

My sisters work together at a hospital.

Usage note Usually plural and agrees: juntas. Junto a (invariable) means 'next to': junto a la ventana.

casado

adjective

married

Forms
casado · casada · casados · casadas

Mis padres llevan treinta años casados.

My parents have been married for thirty years.

Usage note Normally with estar: está casada. Casado con = married to; los recién casados = newlyweds.

soltero

adjective

single; unmarried

Forms
soltero · soltera · solteros · solteras

Su hermano sigue soltero y no tiene prisa.

Her brother is still single and in no hurry.

Usage note Marital status, often with ser or seguir. Una despedida de soltero = a bachelor party.

la edad

noun

age

Gender
feminine
Forms
la edad · las edades

A esa edad yo ya trabajaba en una tienda.

At that age I was already working in a shop.

Usage note Ask ¿qué edad tienes? and state age with tener, never ser: tengo treinta años.

02

Home, chores, and routines

Describe rooms and appliances, household chores, daily habits, and schedules.

29 entries

el salón

noun

living room; hall

Gender
masculine
Forms
el salón · los salones
Regional
Latin America: la sala

Pintamos el salón de verde claro.

We painted the living room light green.

Usage note Common in Spain; most of Latin America says la sala. Also a hall: salón de actos.

el dormitorio

noun

bedroom

Gender
masculine
Forms
el dormitorio · los dormitorios
Regional
Latin America: el cuarto; Mexico: la recámara

El dormitorio principal da al jardín.

The main bedroom looks onto the garden.

Usage note Understood everywhere, but el cuarto and la habitación are more everyday. Dar a = to face onto.

el armario

noun

closet; wardrobe

Gender
masculine
Forms
el armario · los armarios
Regional
Latin America: el clóset

Cuelga el abrigo en el armario del pasillo.

Hang the coat in the hall closet.

Usage note Built-in closets are usually el clóset in Latin America; el ropero is a freestanding wardrobe.

la nevera

noun

refrigerator; fridge

Gender
feminine
Forms
la nevera · las neveras
Regional
Latin America: el refrigerador; Mexico: el refri; Spain: also el frigorífico

Queda poca verdura en la nevera.

There are few vegetables left in the fridge.

Usage note Usual in Spain, Venezuela, and Colombia. Mexicans say el refri; el refrigerador is understood everywhere.

la lavadora

noun

washing machine

Gender
feminine
Forms
la lavadora · las lavadoras

¿Puedes sacar la ropa de la lavadora?

Can you take the clothes out of the washing machine?

Usage note Poner una lavadora = to do a load of laundry. A dishwasher is el lavaplatos or el lavavajillas.

la basura

noun

trash; garbage

Gender
feminine
Forms
la basura · las basuras

Saco la basura antes de acostarme.

I take out the trash before going to bed.

Usage note Usually uncountable. Sacar la basura = to take out the trash; el bote de basura = trash can.

el alquiler

noun

rent; rental

Gender
masculine
Forms
el alquiler · los alquileres
Regional
Mexico: la renta

El alquiler incluye el agua y la luz.

The rent includes water and electricity.

Usage note La luz here means the electricity bill. De alquiler = for rent; Mexico prefers la renta.

el ruido

noun

noise

Gender
masculine
Forms
el ruido · los ruidos

Anoche había mucho ruido en la calle.

There was a lot of noise in the street last night.

Usage note Hacer ruido = to make noise. Ruido is unwanted sound; el sonido is neutral sound.

acostarse

verb

to go to bed

Forms
present: me acuesto · preterite: me acosté · participle: acostado

Me acuesto tarde los sábados.

I go to bed late on Saturdays.

Usage note Stem change o→ue. Without se it means to put someone to bed: acuesto a los niños.

despertarse

verb

to wake up

Forms
present: me despierto · preterite: me desperté · participle: despertado

Esta mañana me desperté a las cinco.

This morning I woke up at five.

Usage note Stem change e→ie. Despertar without se = to wake someone else; el despertador = alarm clock.

peinarse

verb

to comb one's hair; to do one's hair

Forms
present: me peino · preterite: me peiné · participle: peinado

Se peina frente al espejo.

She combs her hair in front of the mirror.

Usage note Use the article, not a possessive, for body parts: me peino el pelo. El peine = comb.

afeitarse

verb

to shave

Forms
present: me afeito · preterite: me afeité · participle: afeitado
Regional
Mexico: rasurarse

Mi padre se afeita después de ducharse.

My father shaves after showering.

Usage note Reflexive when shaving yourself. Mexico commonly says rasurarse; la maquinilla = razor.

preparar

verb

to prepare; to get ready

Forms
present: preparo · preterite: preparé · participle: preparado

Preparo la mochila la noche anterior.

I pack my backpack the night before.

Usage note Preparar la cena, un examen, una maleta. Prepararse para = to get ready for something.

ordenar

verb

to tidy (up); to put in order

Forms
present: ordeno · preterite: ordené · participle: ordenado

Los niños ordenaron su cuarto sin protestar.

The kids tidied their room without complaining.

Usage note Also means to order (command), and in Latin America to order food: ¿qué vas a ordenar?

barrer

verb

to sweep

Forms
present: barro · preterite: barrí · participle: barrido

Barro la cocina después de cocinar.

I sweep the kitchen after cooking.

Usage note Regular -er verb. The broom is la escoba; barrer el suelo, barrer el patio.

planchar

verb

to iron

Forms
present: plancho · preterite: planché · participle: planchado

No hace falta planchar esta camisa.

This shirt doesn't need ironing.

Usage note La plancha is the iron and also a griddle: a la plancha = grilled on a flat plate.

arreglar

verb

to fix; to tidy; to arrange

Forms
present: arreglo · preterite: arreglé · participle: arreglado

El técnico vino a arreglar la calefacción.

The technician came to fix the heating.

Usage note Arreglarse = to get ready or dress up. Arreglar un problema = to sort out a problem.

quedar

verb

to be left; to arrange to meet; to be located

Forms
present: quedo · preterite: quedé · participle: quedado

Quedamos a las seis delante del cine.

We're meeting at six in front of the movie theater.

Usage note Quedar con alguien = to meet up with someone (quedar con amigos). ¿Dónde queda? = where is it?

soler

verb

to usually (do); to tend to

Forms
present: suelo · preterite: solí (rare) · participle: solido (rare)

Suelo leer un rato antes de dormir.

I usually read for a while before sleeping.

Usage note Always followed by an infinitive. Stem change o→ue; the past is the imperfect: solía ir.

tardar

verb

to take (time); to be long

Forms
present: tardo · preterite: tardé · participle: tardado

Tardo media hora en llegar al trabajo.

It takes me half an hour to get to work.

Usage note Tardar + time + en + infinitive. ¿Cuánto tardas? = how long does it take you? No tardes = don't be long.

quedarse

verb

to stay; to remain; to keep

Forms
present: me quedo · preterite: me quedé · participle: quedado

Esta noche nos quedamos en casa.

Tonight we're staying home.

Usage note Quedarse en casa = to stay home. Quedarse con = to keep: me quedo con este = I'll take this one.

a menudo

adverb

often

Forms
invariable

A menudo cocinamos para toda la semana.

We often cook for the whole week.

Usage note Slightly more formal than muchas veces; con frecuencia is a synonym. Never add an article.

casi

adverb

almost; nearly

Forms
invariable

Casi siempre desayuno a la misma hora.

I almost always have breakfast at the same time.

Usage note Goes right before what it modifies: casi nunca = hardly ever, casi todos = nearly everyone.

ya

adverb

already; now; anymore (ya no)

Forms
invariable

Ya he terminado las tareas de casa.

I've already finished the household chores.

Usage note Ya no = not anymore: ya no fumo. ¿Ya comiste? asks 'did you eat yet?'

guardar

verb

to put away; to keep; to save

Forms
present: guardo · preterite: guardé · participle: guardado

¿Dónde guardas las toallas limpias?

Where do you keep the clean towels?

Usage note Also 'to save' a file: guardar un documento. Guardar un secreto = to keep a secret.

encender

verb

to turn on; to light

Forms
present: enciendo · preterite: encendí · participle: encendido
Regional
Latin America: prender

¿Puedes encender la calefacción? Hace frío.

Can you turn on the heating? It's cold.

Usage note Stem change e→ie. For lights, devices, and fire; prender is very common in Latin America.

apagar

verb

to turn off; to put out

Forms
present: apago · preterite: apagué · participle: apagado

Apagamos las luces antes de salir de casa.

We turn off the lights before leaving home.

Usage note For lights, devices, and fires. Preterite apagué adds u to keep the hard g sound.

lavar

verb

to wash

Forms
present: lavo · preterite: lavé · participle: lavado

Lavé los platos mientras tú cocinabas.

I washed the dishes while you were cooking.

Usage note Use lavarse for yourself: me lavo las manos. Lavar a mano = to wash by hand.

vestirse

verb

to get dressed

Forms
present: me visto · preterite: me vestí · participle: vestido

Me vestí rápido porque llegaba tarde.

I got dressed fast because I was running late.

Usage note Stem change e→i. Vestirse de = to dress in/as: se vistió de negro. Vestir = to dress someone.

03

Food, shopping, and restaurants

Order in restaurants, buy food and clothes, and talk about sizes, prices, and returns.

23 entries

el plato

noun

plate; dish; course

Gender
masculine
Forms
el plato · los platos

La paella es el plato más famoso de Valencia.

Paella is the most famous dish of Valencia.

Usage note Both the plate and the food on it. Primer plato = first course; segundo plato = main course.

la bebida

noun

drink; beverage

Gender
feminine
Forms
la bebida · las bebidas

La bebida no está incluida en el precio.

The drink isn't included in the price.

Usage note Any drink, not only alcohol. ¿Y de bebida? is a typical waiter's question.

el postre

noun

dessert

Gender
masculine
Forms
el postre · los postres

De postre pedimos un flan casero.

For dessert we ordered a homemade flan.

Usage note De postre = for dessert; de primero and de segundo work the same way for courses.

el pollo

noun

chicken

Gender
masculine
Forms
el pollo · los pollos

El domingo comimos pollo asado con arroz.

On Sunday we had roast chicken with rice.

Usage note Both the animal and the meat; la gallina = hen. Al horno = baked; asado = roasted.

el huevo

noun

egg

Gender
masculine
Forms
el huevo · los huevos

¿Cómo quieres los huevos, fritos o revueltos?

How do you want your eggs, fried or scrambled?

Usage note The h is silent. Huevos fritos, revueltos, duros (hard-boiled); una docena de huevos.

el queso

noun

cheese

Gender
masculine
Forms
el queso · los quesos

Este queso de cabra tiene un sabor fuerte.

This goat cheese has a strong flavor.

Usage note Queso fresco = soft white cheese; queso rallado = grated cheese; un sándwich de queso.

la patata

noun

potato

Gender
feminine
Forms
la patata · las patatas
Regional
Latin America: la papa

Cortamos las patatas en trozos pequeños.

We cut the potatoes into small pieces.

Usage note Used in Spain; the rest of the Spanish-speaking world says la papa (papas fritas = fries).

el tomate

noun

tomato

Gender
masculine
Forms
el tomate · los tomates
Regional
Mexico: el jitomate

Estos tomates están muy maduros.

These tomatoes are very ripe.

Usage note Masculine despite -e. In central Mexico red tomatoes are jitomates; tomate can mean tomatillo.

la botella

noun

bottle

Gender
feminine
Forms
la botella · las botellas

Pedimos una botella de agua para compartir.

We order a bottle of water to share.

Usage note Una botella de agua = a bottle of water (full); una botella para agua = a bottle for water.

la talla

noun

size (clothing)

Gender
feminine
Forms
la talla · las tallas

¿Tiene esta chaqueta en una talla más grande?

Do you have this jacket in a larger size?

Usage note For clothes; shoe size is el número: ¿qué número calzas? Talla única = one size fits all.

el precio

noun

price

Gender
masculine
Forms
el precio · los precios

El precio del pan ha subido este mes.

The price of bread has gone up this month.

Usage note ¿Qué precio tiene? asks the price. A buen precio = at a good price; precio fijo = fixed price.

la cuenta

noun

bill; check; account

Gender
feminine
Forms
la cuenta · las cuentas

¿Nos trae la cuenta, por favor?

Could you bring us the check, please?

Usage note Also a bank account (cuenta bancaria). Darse cuenta de = to realize, a very common phrase.

probar

verb

to try; to taste; to try on

Forms
present: pruebo · preterite: probé · participle: probado

¿Has probado alguna vez el ceviche peruano?

Have you ever tried Peruvian ceviche?

Usage note Probarse for clothes: me pruebo la chaqueta. Stem change o→ue; probar suerte = to try one's luck.

elegir

verb

to choose

Forms
present: elijo · preterite: elegí · participle: elegido

Elijo el pescado porque parece fresco.

I choose the fish because it looks fresh.

Usage note Irregular yo form elijo (e→i, g→j). Escoger is a common synonym in Latin America.

vender

verb

to sell

Forms
present: vendo · preterite: vendí · participle: vendido

Mi vecina vende empanadas los fines de semana.

My neighbor sells empanadas on weekends.

Usage note Se vende = for sale (on signs). El vendedor = seller; la venta = sale.

devolver

verb

to return (something); to give back

Forms
present: devuelvo · preterite: devolví · participle: devuelto

Devuelvo los zapatos porque me quedan pequeños.

I'm returning the shoes because they're too small.

Usage note For giving objects back; people returning use volver. Irregular participle devuelto.

cambiar

verb

to change; to exchange

Forms
present: cambio · preterite: cambié · participle: cambiado

Quiero cambiar esta camisa por otra.

I want to exchange this shirt for another one.

Usage note Cambiar A por B = to swap A for B; cambiar dinero = to exchange currency; cambiarse = to change clothes.

servir

verb

to serve; to be useful

Forms
present: sirvo · preterite: serví · participle: servido

Sirven la cena a partir de las ocho.

They serve dinner starting at eight.

Usage note Stem change e→i. Servir para = to be good for: ¿para qué sirve? No sirve = it's no good.

añadir

verb

to add

Forms
present: añado · preterite: añadí · participle: añadido

Añade un poco de sal a la sopa.

Add a little salt to the soup.

Usage note Common in cooking and writing; agregar is the more frequent synonym in Latin America.

quedar bien

verb

to fit; to suit; to look good (on)

Forms
present: me queda bien · preterite: me quedó bien · participle: quedado

Ese color te queda muy bien.

That color looks really good on you.

Usage note Works like gustar: the clothes are the subject (me quedan bien). Quedar grande = to be too big.

lleno

adjective

full

Forms
lleno · llena · llenos · llenas

El restaurante está lleno esta noche.

The restaurant is full tonight.

Usage note Used with estar. Lleno de = full of; after eating, estoy lleno is casual and satisfecho is politer.

fresco

adjective

fresh; cool

Forms
fresco · fresca · frescos · frescas

Compramos pescado fresco en el puerto.

We buy fresh fish at the harbor.

Usage note Fresh for food and cool for weather (hace fresco). In some countries it also means cheeky.

demasiado

determiner

too much; too many

Forms
demasiado · demasiada · demasiados · demasiadas

Esta salsa tiene demasiada sal.

This sauce has too much salt.

Usage note Agrees before nouns (demasiadas personas) but is invariable before adjectives: demasiado caro.

04

Travel, directions, and accommodation

Plan trips, use transport, follow and give directions, and check into a hotel.

30 entries

el viaje

noun

trip; journey

Gender
masculine
Forms
el viaje · los viajes

Nuestro viaje a Cuzco dura cinco días.

Our trip to Cuzco lasts five days.

Usage note Hacer un viaje = to take a trip; ¡buen viaje! = have a good trip. The verb is viajar.

el billete

noun

ticket; banknote

Gender
masculine
Forms
el billete · los billetes
Regional
Latin America: el boleto; el pasaje (plane and long-distance bus)

Compré un billete de ida y vuelta a Sevilla.

I bought a round-trip ticket to Seville.

Usage note Travel ticket in Spain; everywhere it also means banknote. Tickets for shows are entradas.

la maleta

noun

suitcase

Gender
feminine
Forms
la maleta · las maletas
Regional
Río de la Plata: la valija

Mi maleta pesa menos de veinte kilos.

My suitcase weighs less than twenty kilos.

Usage note Hacer la maleta = to pack. In Argentina and Uruguay la valija is the usual word.

el equipaje

noun

luggage; baggage

Gender
masculine
Forms
el equipaje · los equipajes

El equipaje de mano va debajo del asiento.

Carry-on luggage goes under the seat.

Usage note A collective singular: mucho equipaje, not muchos equipajes. Equipaje de mano = carry-on.

la reserva

noun

reservation; booking

Gender
feminine
Forms
la reserva · las reservas
Regional
Mexico: la reservación

Tengo una reserva a nombre de Torres.

I have a reservation under the name Torres.

Usage note A nombre de = under the name of. Mexico and parts of Latin America prefer la reservación.

la recepción

noun

reception; front desk

Gender
feminine
Forms
la recepción · las recepciones

Dejamos las llaves en recepción al salir.

We left the keys at reception on the way out.

Usage note Often without the article after en or a: en recepción. The receptionist is el/la recepcionista.

el mapa

noun

map

Gender
masculine
Forms
el mapa · los mapas

Marco la ruta en el mapa.

I mark the route on the map.

Usage note Masculine despite ending in -a, like el problema and el día. Un plano is a city street map.

la parada

noun

stop

Gender
feminine
Forms
la parada · las paradas

La parada del autobús está frente al banco.

The bus stop is across from the bank.

Usage note Parada de autobús, de taxi, de metro. Train stations are estaciones, not paradas.

el andén

noun

platform

Gender
masculine
Forms
el andén · los andenes

El tren a Valencia sale del andén cuatro.

The train to Valencia leaves from platform four.

Usage note Loses the accent in the plural: andenes. Used for train and subway platforms.

la carretera

noun

road; highway

Gender
feminine
Forms
la carretera · las carreteras

Hay mucho tráfico en la carretera de la costa.

There's heavy traffic on the coastal road.

Usage note An intercity road; streets in town are calles. La autopista = freeway or motorway.

reservar

verb

to book; to reserve

Forms
present: reservo · preterite: reservé · participle: reservado

Reservamos una habitación doble para dos noches.

We book a double room for two nights.

Usage note Reservar una mesa, un vuelo, una habitación. Reservarse = to hold back (an opinion).

alojarse

verb

to stay (in lodgings)

Forms
present: me alojo · preterite: me alojé · participle: alojado

Nos alojamos en un hostal cerca de la catedral.

We're staying in a hostel near the cathedral.

Usage note Only for accommodation; quedarse en is the everyday synonym. El alojamiento = lodging.

facturar

verb

to check in (luggage); to invoice

Forms
present: facturo · preterite: facturé · participle: facturado
Regional
Mexico: documentar

Tenemos que facturar una maleta.

We have to check one suitcase.

Usage note Airport term in Spain; Mexicans say documentar el equipaje. In business it means to invoice.

perder

verb

to lose; to miss

Forms
present: pierdo · preterite: perdí · participle: perdido

Corrimos para no perder el tren.

We ran so as not to miss the train.

Usage note Covers missed transport and lost objects. Perderse = to get lost: me perdí en el centro.

volver

verb

to come back; to return

Forms
present: vuelvo · preterite: volví · participle: vuelto

Volvemos de vacaciones el lunes.

We come back from vacation on Monday.

Usage note Irregular participle vuelto. Volver a + infinitive = to do again: volví a llamar.

traer

verb

to bring

Forms
present: traigo · preterite: traje · participle: traído

¿Me puede traer otra almohada, por favor?

Could you bring me another pillow, please?

Usage note Movement toward the speaker; llevar = to take elsewhere. Irregular traigo and preterite traje.

conducir

verb

to drive

Forms
present: conduzco · preterite: conduje · participle: conducido
Regional
Latin America: manejar

Conduzco con cuidado cuando llueve.

I drive carefully when it rains.

Usage note Standard in Spain; manejar is the everyday word across Latin America. Preterite conduje.

recoger

verb

to pick up; to collect; to tidy up

Forms
present: recojo · preterite: recogí · participle: recogido

Recogimos las llaves del apartamento en la oficina.

We picked up the apartment keys at the office.

Usage note Spelling change g→j in recojo. Recoger la mesa = to clear the table.

orientarse

verb

to find one's way; to get one's bearings

Forms
present: me oriento · preterite: me orienté · participle: orientado

Sin mapa me cuesta mucho orientarme.

Without a map I find it hard to get my bearings.

Usage note Often with costar, fácil, or difícil. The opposite is perderse, to get lost.

disponible

adjective

available

Forms
disponible · disponibles

No hay habitaciones disponibles para esta noche.

There are no rooms available for tonight.

Usage note Same form for both genders. Estar disponible = to be free (people, rooms, products).

la ida

noun

outward journey; one way

Gender
feminine
Forms
la ida · las idas

Un pasaje de ida a Lima cuesta trescientos dólares.

A one-way ticket to Lima costs three hundred dollars.

Usage note De ida = one-way; de ida y vuelta = round-trip. La ida y la vuelta = there and back.

la vuelta

noun

return (trip); turn; walk

Gender
feminine
Forms
la vuelta · las vueltas

A la vuelta paramos a comer en Toledo.

On the way back we stopped to eat in Toledo.

Usage note Dar una vuelta = to go for a walk or drive. In Spain it also means change from a payment.

enfrente

adverb

opposite; across the street

Forms
invariable

Vivo en el edificio de enfrente.

I live in the building across the street.

Usage note Enfrente de + place = across from: enfrente del banco. Also written en frente.

el hotel

noun

hotel

Gender
masculine
Forms
el hotel · los hoteles

Nuestro hotel queda a cinco minutos del centro.

Our hotel is five minutes from downtown.

Usage note Silent h and stress on the last syllable. Un hotel de cinco estrellas = a five-star hotel.

el aeropuerto

noun

airport

Gender
masculine
Forms
el aeropuerto · los aeropuertos

Hay que llegar al aeropuerto dos horas antes.

You have to get to the airport two hours early.

Usage note Ir al aeropuerto (a + el = al). La puerta de embarque = gate; el vuelo = flight.

subir

verb

to go up; to get on; to upload

Forms
present: subo · preterite: subí · participle: subido

Subimos al autobús por la puerta delantera.

We got on the bus through the front door.

Usage note Subir a = to board. Also to rise (prices) and to upload: subir un archivo = to upload a file.

bajar

verb

to go down; to get off; to lower

Forms
present: bajo · preterite: bajé · participle: bajado

Tienes que bajar en la tercera parada.

You have to get off at the third stop.

Usage note Bajar(se) de = to get off. Also to drop (prices) and, informally, to download.

seguir

verb

to continue; to follow; to keep (doing)

Forms
present: sigo · preterite: seguí · participle: seguido

Siga recto dos calles y después gire.

Go straight for two blocks and then turn.

Usage note Seguir + gerund = to keep doing: sigue lloviendo. Stem change e→i and irregular yo form sigo.

girar

verb

to turn

Forms
present: giro · preterite: giré · participle: girado
Regional
Latin America: doblar

En el semáforo, gira a la izquierda.

At the traffic light, turn left.

Usage note Girar a la derecha / a la izquierda. For directions, doblar is very common in Latin America.

cruzar

verb

to cross

Forms
present: cruzo · preterite: crucé · participle: cruzado

Cruza el puente y verás la estación.

Cross the bridge and you'll see the station.

Usage note No preposition: cruzar la calle. The z becomes c before e (crucé); el cruce = crossroads.

05

Health and medical care

Describe symptoms and injuries, follow medical advice, and book appointments.

27 entries

la cita

noun

appointment; date

Gender
feminine
Forms
la cita · las citas

Tengo cita con el médico a las cuatro.

I have a doctor's appointment at four.

Usage note Tener cita, pedir cita; the person follows con. Also a romantic date: una primera cita.

el centro de salud

noun

health center; clinic

Gender
masculine
Forms
el centro de salud · los centros de salud

El centro de salud abre también los sábados.

The health center is also open on Saturdays.

Usage note A public primary-care clinic. El consultorio and la clínica are common alternatives.

la enfermera

noun

nurse

Gender
feminine
Forms
la enfermera · las enfermeras

La enfermera me puso la vacuna en el brazo.

The nurse gave me the vaccine in my arm.

Usage note A male nurse is el enfermero. Don't confuse with enfermo (sick) or la enfermedad (illness).

la fiebre

noun

fever

Gender
feminine
Forms
la fiebre · las fiebres

El niño tiene fiebre desde anoche.

The child has had a fever since last night.

Usage note Use tener fiebre, not estar. Fiebre alta = high fever; bajar la fiebre = to bring it down.

la tos

noun

cough

Gender
feminine
Forms
la tos · las toses

Esta tos no me deja dormir.

This cough won't let me sleep.

Usage note Tener tos = to have a cough. The verb is toser; un jarabe para la tos = cough syrup.

el resfriado

noun

cold (illness)

Gender
masculine
Forms
el resfriado · los resfriados

Pedro no vino a clase por un resfriado.

Pedro didn't come to class because of a cold.

Usage note Resfriarse = to catch a cold; el catarro is a synonym. Flu is la gripe (Mexico: la gripa).

la espalda

noun

back

Gender
feminine
Forms
la espalda · las espaldas

Me duele la espalda de estar sentada.

My back hurts from sitting.

Usage note With doler use the article, not a possessive: me duele la espalda. De espaldas = backwards.

el estómago

noun

stomach

Gender
masculine
Forms
el estómago · los estómagos

Me duele el estómago desde el almuerzo.

My stomach has hurt since lunch.

Usage note Dolor de estómago = stomachache. La barriga and la panza are informal words for belly.

la garganta

noun

throat

Gender
feminine
Forms
la garganta · las gargantas

Tengo la garganta irritada de tanto hablar.

My throat is sore from so much talking.

Usage note Me duele la garganta = I have a sore throat. Un caramelo para la garganta = throat lozenge.

la receta

noun

prescription; recipe

Gender
feminine
Forms
la receta · las recetas

Sin receta no te venden ese antibiótico.

They won't sell you that antibiotic without a prescription.

Usage note Both a doctor's prescription and a cooking recipe. Con receta médica = prescription-only.

la pastilla

noun

pill; tablet

Gender
feminine
Forms
la pastilla · las pastillas

Toma una pastilla cada ocho horas.

Take one pill every eight hours.

Usage note The everyday word; la píldora is more technical. Cada ocho horas = every eight hours.

enfermar

verb

to get sick; to fall ill

Forms
present: enfermo · preterite: enfermé · participle: enfermado
Regional
Latin America: enfermarse

Mi hermana enfermó durante el viaje.

My sister fell ill during the trip.

Usage note Enfermarse is the usual form in Latin America: me enfermé. The adjective enfermo = sick.

mejorar

verb

to improve; to get better

Forms
present: mejoro · preterite: mejoré · participle: mejorado

La tos mejora con descanso y líquidos.

The cough gets better with rest and fluids.

Usage note ¡Que te mejores! = get well soon. Also for situations: el tiempo mejora por la tarde.

empeorar

verb

to get worse; to worsen

Forms
present: empeoro · preterite: empeoré · participle: empeorado

Si el dolor empeora, llama al médico.

If the pain gets worse, call the doctor.

Usage note The opposite of mejorar; works with or without an object: la lluvia empeoró el tráfico.

respirar

verb

to breathe

Forms
present: respiro · preterite: respiré · participle: respirado

Me cuesta respirar por la nariz.

It's hard for me to breathe through my nose.

Usage note Respirar hondo = to take a deep breath. La respiración = breathing.

caerse

verb

to fall (down)

Forms
present: me caigo · preterite: me caí · participle: caído

Ayer me caí en la escalera del metro.

Yesterday I fell on the subway stairs.

Usage note Irregular caigo and cayó. Se me cayó el vaso = I dropped the glass (by accident).

hacerse daño

verb

to hurt oneself; to get hurt

Forms
present: me hago daño · preterite: me hice daño · participle: hecho
Regional
Latin America: lastimarse

Me hice daño en la rodilla jugando al fútbol.

I hurt my knee playing soccer.

Usage note Common in Spain; lastimarse is more usual in Latin America. Hacer daño a alguien = to hurt someone.

tomarse

verb

to take (medicine, food, drink)

Forms
present: me tomo · preterite: me tomé · participle: tomado

Tómate este jarabe después de cenar.

Take this syrup after dinner.

Usage note The se stresses finishing it all: tómate la sopa. Also tomarse un café, tomarse el día libre.

pedir cita

verb

to make an appointment

Forms
present: pido cita · preterite: pedí cita · participle: pedido
Regional
Latin America: sacar cita; hacer una cita

Llamé para pedir cita con la dermatóloga.

I called to make an appointment with the dermatologist.

Usage note Standard in Spain; sacar cita and hacer una cita are common in Latin America.

sano

adjective

healthy

Forms
sano · sana · sanos · sanas

Intento comer sano entre semana.

I try to eat healthily during the week.

Usage note For people, food, and habits. Sano y salvo = safe and sound; saludable is a close synonym.

grave

adjective

serious; severe

Forms
grave · graves

Por suerte, la lesión no es grave.

Fortunately, the injury isn't serious.

Usage note Serious in health or problems; the English noun 'grave' is la tumba. Same form for both genders.

mareado

adjective

dizzy; nauseous; seasick

Forms
mareado · mareada · mareados · mareadas

Me siento mareada cuando viajo en barco.

I feel seasick when I travel by boat.

Usage note Used with estar or sentirse. Marearse = to get dizzy, carsick, or seasick.

cuidarse

verb

to take care of oneself

Forms
present: me cuido · preterite: me cuidé · participle: cuidado

Tienes que cuidarte y dormir más.

You have to take care of yourself and sleep more.

Usage note ¡Cuídate! is a common goodbye. Cuidar a / de alguien = to look after someone else.

la farmacia

noun

pharmacy; drugstore

Gender
feminine
Forms
la farmacia · las farmacias

La farmacia de guardia abre toda la noche.

The on-duty pharmacy is open all night.

Usage note The late-night pharmacy on rotation is de guardia in Spain and de turno in Latin America.

la medicina

noun

medicine; medication

Gender
feminine
Forms
la medicina · las medicinas

No olvides tomar la medicina con comida.

Don't forget to take the medicine with food.

Usage note Both a medication and the field (estudiar medicina). El medicamento is more formal.

descansar

verb

to rest

Forms
present: descanso · preterite: descansé · participle: descansado

Después del partido, descansamos un par de horas.

After the game, we rested for a couple of hours.

Usage note ¡Que descanses! = sleep well. El descanso = rest; also a break or halftime.

mejor

adjective

better; best

Forms
mejor · mejores

Ya me encuentro mucho mejor, gracias.

I'm feeling much better now, thanks.

Usage note Comparative of bueno and bien; avoid más bueno for quality. El/la mejor = the best.

06

Work, study, and communication

Discuss jobs, classes, and exams, and handle messages and everyday technology.

25 entries

la empresa

noun

company; business

Gender
feminine
Forms
la empresa · las empresas

Mi hermano trabaja en una empresa de software.

My brother works for a software company.

Usage note Normally a company, not 'enterprise' as initiative. El empresario = businessman.

el jefe

noun

boss

Gender
masculine
Forms
el jefe · los jefes

Mi jefa me dio el viernes libre.

My boss gave me Friday off.

Usage note A female boss is la jefa. Jefe de cocina = head chef; jefe de estado = head of state.

el horario

noun

schedule; timetable; opening hours

Gender
masculine
Forms
el horario · los horarios

Mi horario cambia durante el verano.

My schedule changes during the summer.

Usage note Horario de atención = opening hours; horario de trenes = train timetable.

la reunión

noun

meeting; gathering

Gender
feminine
Forms
la reunión · las reuniones

La reunión empieza después del almuerzo.

The meeting starts after lunch.

Usage note Tener una reunión; estar en una reunión. Also a family gathering or get-together.

el informe

noun

report

Gender
masculine
Forms
el informe · los informes
Regional
Latin America: also el reporte

Mañana entrego el informe final.

Tomorrow I hand in the final report.

Usage note A written report at work or school. Hacer un informe sobre algo = to write a report on it.

la tarea

noun

task; homework

Gender
feminine
Forms
la tarea · las tareas

¿Ya terminaste la tarea de historia?

Did you finish your history homework yet?

Usage note Homework in Latin America; Spain prefers los deberes. Las tareas de la casa = housework.

el curso

noun

course; school year

Gender
masculine
Forms
el curso · los cursos

Me he apuntado a un curso de fotografía.

I've signed up for a photography course.

Usage note Both a course and the academic year: el curso empieza en septiembre.

el examen

noun

exam; test

Gender
masculine
Forms
el examen · los exámenes

El examen tiene una parte oral.

The exam has an oral section.

Usage note Plural exámenes adds an accent. Hacer or presentar un examen = to take an exam.

la nota

noun

grade; mark; note

Gender
feminine
Forms
la nota · las notas

Saqué muy buena nota en matemáticas.

I got a very good grade in math.

Usage note Sacar una buena nota = to get a good grade. Also a written note: te dejé una nota.

el ordenador

noun

computer

Gender
masculine
Forms
el ordenador · los ordenadores
Regional
Latin America: la computadora; Chile, Colombia: el computador

El ordenador tarda mucho en encenderse.

The computer takes a long time to start up.

Usage note Used only in Spain; Latin America says la computadora (el computador in Chile and Colombia).

la pantalla

noun

screen

Gender
feminine
Forms
la pantalla · las pantallas

Comparto la pantalla durante la llamada.

I share my screen during the call.

Usage note Any screen: phone, computer, TV, or cinema. Pantalla táctil = touchscreen.

la contraseña

noun

password

Gender
feminine
Forms
la contraseña · las contraseñas

He olvidado la contraseña del correo.

I've forgotten my email password.

Usage note La clave is common in Latin America. Cambiar la contraseña = to change the password.

organizar

verb

to organize

Forms
present: organizo · preterite: organicé · participle: organizado

Organizo mis tareas por orden de importancia.

I organize my tasks by order of importance.

Usage note Z changes to c before e: organicé. Organizarse = to get (oneself) organized.

explicar

verb

to explain

Forms
present: explico · preterite: expliqué · participle: explicado

La profesora explica el problema con un dibujo.

The teacher explains the problem with a drawing.

Usage note Explicar algo a alguien: me explicó la regla. The c becomes qu in the preterite: expliqué.

practicar

verb

to practice; to do (a sport)

Forms
present: practico · preterite: practiqué · participle: practicado

Practico la pronunciación con una compañera.

I practice pronunciation with a classmate.

Usage note Also used for sports: practicar natación. The c becomes qu in the preterite: practiqué.

entregar

verb

to hand in; to deliver; to hand over

Forms
present: entrego · preterite: entregué · participle: entregado

Tenemos que entregar el proyecto el viernes.

We have to hand in the project on Friday.

Usage note Entregar un trabajo, un paquete, las llaves. La entrega = delivery; preterite entregué.

aprobar

verb

to pass (an exam); to approve

Forms
present: apruebo · preterite: aprobé · participle: aprobado

Aprobó el examen en el segundo intento.

She passed the exam on her second attempt.

Usage note Stem change o→ue. The opposite is suspender in Spain and reprobar in Latin America.

suspender

verb

to fail (an exam); to suspend; to call off

Forms
present: suspendo · preterite: suspendí · participle: suspendido
Regional
Latin America: reprobar

Suspendí química, pero aprobé historia.

I failed chemistry but passed history.

Usage note Failing a test is Spain-only; Latin America says reprobar. Everywhere: suspender un partido.

apuntarse

verb

to sign up; to enroll; to join in

Forms
present: me apunto · preterite: me apunté · participle: apuntado
Regional
Latin America: inscribirse

Me apunto al taller de conversación.

I'm signing up for the conversation workshop.

Usage note Informal and common in Spain; inscribirse is more neutral. ¡Me apunto! = count me in!

descargar

verb

to download; to unload

Forms
present: descargo · preterite: descargué · participle: descargado

Descargué la aplicación del banco ayer.

I downloaded the bank's app yesterday.

Usage note Also to unload a truck. Bajar is an informal synonym; to upload is subir.

ocupado

adjective

busy; occupied; taken

Forms
ocupado · ocupada · ocupados · ocupadas

Esta tarde estoy ocupada hasta las seis.

This afternoon I'm busy until six.

Usage note With estar. Also for seats, phone lines, and bathrooms: está ocupado = it's taken.

en línea

adverb

online

Forms
invariable

La clase de mañana es en línea.

Tomorrow's class is online.

Usage note Neutral standard term; English online is also widely used. Comprar en línea = to buy online.

el mensaje

noun

message

Gender
masculine
Forms
el mensaje · los mensajes

Te mandé un mensaje, pero no contestaste.

I sent you a message, but you didn't answer.

Usage note Masculine despite -e. Mandar or enviar un mensaje; un mensaje de voz = a voice message.

enviar

verb

to send

Forms
present: envío · preterite: envié · participle: enviado

Enviaremos el paquete por correo urgente.

We'll send the package by express mail.

Usage note Accent on envío, envías, envía, envían. Mandar is the more everyday synonym.

repetir

verb

to repeat

Forms
present: repito · preterite: repetí · participle: repetido

¿Me puede repetir su apellido, por favor?

Could you repeat your last name, please?

Usage note Stem change e→i. Repetir curso = to repeat a school year; repetir also means to have seconds.

07

Leisure, sports, and entertainment

Talk about free time, hobbies, sports, shows, and celebrations.

21 entries

el tiempo libre

noun

free time; spare time

Gender
masculine
Forms
el tiempo libre · usually singular

En mi tiempo libre dibujo y escucho pódcast.

In my free time I draw and listen to podcasts.

Usage note Usually with en: en mi tiempo libre. Los ratos libres is a common synonym.

la película

noun

movie; film

Gender
feminine
Forms
la película · las películas

Anoche vimos una película de terror.

Last night we watched a horror movie.

Usage note Peli is informal. Ver una película; en versión original = in the original language.

la serie

noun

series; TV show

Gender
feminine
Forms
la serie · las series

Estamos viendo una serie argentina.

We're watching an Argentine series.

Usage note A whole show; one episode is un capítulo or un episodio. Also 'a series of' things.

la música

noun

music

Gender
feminine
Forms
la música · usually singular

Pongo música mientras limpio la casa.

I put on music while I clean the house.

Usage note Poner música = to put on music. Live music is música en vivo (Spain: en directo).

el deporte

noun

sport

Gender
masculine
Forms
el deporte · los deportes

Hacer deporte me ayuda a dormir mejor.

Doing sports helps me sleep better.

Usage note Hacer deporte = to exercise or do sports; practicar un deporte = to play a particular sport.

el fútbol

noun

soccer; football

Gender
masculine
Forms
el fútbol · no plural

Jugamos al fútbol después de clase.

We play soccer after class.

Usage note Jugar al fútbol (much of Latin America: jugar fútbol). American football is fútbol americano.

la bicicleta

noun

bicycle; bike

Gender
feminine
Forms
la bicicleta · las bicicletas

Voy al trabajo en bicicleta cuando hace sol.

I bike to work when it's sunny.

Usage note Ir en bicicleta = to go by bike, with no article. La bici is the informal short form.

el paseo

noun

walk; stroll; ride

Gender
masculine
Forms
el paseo · los paseos

Damos un paseo junto al río.

We take a walk beside the river.

Usage note Dar un paseo = to take a walk; ir de paseo = to go on an outing. Also a promenade.

el dibujo

noun

drawing

Gender
masculine
Forms
el dibujo · los dibujos

Mi sobrina me regaló un dibujo de su gato.

My niece gave me a drawing of her cat.

Usage note Also drawing as a subject (clase de dibujo). Los dibujos animados = cartoons.

jugar

verb

to play (games, sports)

Forms
present: juego · preterite: jugué · participle: jugado

Los domingos jugamos a las cartas.

On Sundays we play cards.

Usage note For games and sports; instruments use tocar. Stem change u→ue; preterite jugué.

bailar

verb

to dance

Forms
present: bailo · preterite: bailé · participle: bailado

En la boda bailamos hasta las tres.

At the wedding we danced until three.

Usage note Bailar salsa, bailar con alguien. El baile = dance; el bailarín / la bailarina = dancer.

cantar

verb

to sing

Forms
present: canto · preterite: canté · participle: cantado

Mi hija canta en un coro.

My daughter sings in a choir.

Usage note Cantar una canción; cantar bien or mal. La canción = song; el/la cantante = singer.

dibujar

verb

to draw

Forms
present: dibujo · preterite: dibujé · participle: dibujado

De niño, siempre dibujaba en las paredes.

As a child, I always drew on the walls.

Usage note Drawing with lines; pintar = to paint. Dibujo is both 'I draw' and 'a drawing'.

nadar

verb

to swim

Forms
present: nado · preterite: nadé · participle: nadado

Mi hijo aprendió a nadar a los cuatro años.

My son learned to swim when he was four.

Usage note La natación = swimming. Pool: la piscina (Spain), la alberca (Mexico), la pileta (Argentina).

correr

verb

to run; to hurry

Forms
present: corro · preterite: corrí · participle: corrido

Corro cinco kilómetros tres veces por semana.

I run five kilometers three times a week.

Usage note Salir a correr = to go for a run. ¡Corre! also means 'hurry up!'

celebrar

verb

to celebrate

Forms
present: celebro · preterite: celebré · participle: celebrado

Celebramos su cumpleaños con una cena.

We celebrate her birthday with a dinner.

Usage note Celebrar un cumpleaños, un triunfo. Festejar is a common synonym in Latin America.

divertirse

verb

to have fun; to enjoy oneself

Forms
present: me divierto · preterite: me divertí · participle: divertido

Nos divertimos mucho en la fiesta.

We have a lot of fun at the party.

Usage note Present e→ie (me divierto), preterite e→i (se divirtió). ¡Que te diviertas! = have fun!

aburrirse

verb

to get bored

Forms
present: me aburro · preterite: me aburrí · participle: aburrido

Los niños se aburren durante el viaje largo.

The children get bored during the long trip.

Usage note Estar aburrido = to be bored; ser aburrido = to be boring. Aburrirse de = to get tired of.

interesar

verb

to interest; to be interested in (me interesa)

Forms
present: me interesa · preterite: me interesó · participle: interesado

Me interesa la historia de América Latina.

I'm interested in Latin American history.

Usage note Works like gustar: me interesan los idiomas. Estar interesado en is more formal.

gratis

adjective

free (of charge)

Forms
invariable

La entrada al museo es gratis los domingos.

Museum admission is free on Sundays.

Usage note Only 'free of charge'; free meaning 'not busy' is libre. Also an adverb: viajar gratis.

montar

verb

to ride; to assemble; to set up

Forms
present: monto · preterite: monté · participle: montado
Regional
Latin America: andar (en bicicleta, a caballo)

Montamos en bicicleta por el paseo marítimo.

We ride bikes along the seafront.

Usage note Montar en bici, montar a caballo. Also to assemble furniture or set up a business.

08

Nature, weather, and seasons

Describe landscapes, seasons, and everyday weather conditions.

22 entries

el campo

noun

countryside; field

Gender
masculine
Forms
el campo · los campos

Pasamos el fin de semana en el campo.

We spend the weekend in the countryside.

Usage note Also a sports field (campo de fútbol) or a field of study. The contrast is la ciudad.

la montaña

noun

mountain

Gender
feminine
Forms
la montaña · las montañas

Desde la ventana se ven las montañas.

You can see the mountains from the window.

Usage note Ir a la montaña = to go to the mountains. La montaña rusa = roller coaster.

el río

noun

river

Gender
masculine
Forms
el río · los ríos

El camino continúa junto al río.

The path continues along the river.

Usage note Keeps the accent in the plural: ríos. Río arriba / río abajo = upstream / downstream.

el mar

noun

sea

Gender
masculine
Forms
el mar · los mares

El agua del mar está fría en mayo.

The seawater is cold in May.

Usage note Usually masculine; la mar appears in poetry and among sailors. Un mar de gente = a sea of people.

la playa

noun

beach

Gender
feminine
Forms
la playa · las playas

La playa está vacía a primera hora.

The beach is empty early in the morning.

Usage note Ir a la playa but estar en la playa. Una toalla de playa = beach towel.

el árbol

noun

tree

Gender
masculine
Forms
el árbol · los árboles

Comemos bajo un árbol grande.

We eat under a large tree.

Usage note Plural árboles. El árbol de Navidad = Christmas tree; plantar un árbol = to plant a tree.

la flor

noun

flower

Gender
feminine
Forms
la flor · las flores

Estas flores huelen muy bien.

These flowers smell really nice.

Usage note Feminine despite ending in a consonant. En flor = in bloom; un ramo de flores = bouquet.

el bosque

noun

forest; woods

Gender
masculine
Forms
el bosque · los bosques

Hay un sendero corto por el bosque.

There's a short trail through the woods.

Usage note Covers both woods and forest; la selva is jungle or rainforest.

la estación del año

noun

season

Gender
feminine
Forms
la estación del año · las estaciones del año

¿Cuál es tu estación del año favorita?

What's your favorite season?

Usage note Del año avoids confusion with la estación (station); in context, la estación alone is enough.

la primavera

noun

spring

Gender
feminine
Forms
la primavera · las primaveras

En primavera los días son más largos.

In spring the days are longer.

Usage note Seasons are lowercase, and en primavera needs no article. Primaveral = spring-like.

el verano

noun

summer

Gender
masculine
Forms
el verano · los veranos

Trabajamos menos horas en verano.

We work fewer hours in summer.

Usage note Veranear = to spend the summer somewhere. Las vacaciones de verano = summer vacation.

el otoño

noun

fall; autumn

Gender
masculine
Forms
el otoño · los otoños

En otoño llueve bastante en esta región.

In fall it rains quite a lot in this region.

Usage note Stressed on the middle syllable: o-TO-ño. A finales de otoño = in late fall.

el invierno

noun

winter

Gender
masculine
Forms
el invierno · los inviernos

Este invierno fue muy lluvioso en Santiago.

This winter was very rainy in Santiago.

Usage note Seasons flip south of the equator: winter in Chile or Argentina is June to August.

la nube

noun

cloud

Gender
feminine
Forms
la nube · las nubes

Hay nubes negras sobre la ciudad.

There are dark clouds over the city.

Usage note Estar en las nubes = to daydream. La nube is also 'the cloud' for online storage.

el viento

noun

wind

Gender
masculine
Forms
el viento · los vientos

Hace mucho viento cerca del mar.

It's very windy near the sea.

Usage note Hace viento = it's windy (not es ventoso). Una ráfaga de viento = a gust of wind.

nevar

verb

to snow

Forms
present: nieva · preterite: nevó · participle: nevado

En las montañas nieva desde noviembre.

In the mountains it snows from November on.

Usage note Only used in the third person singular. Stem change e→ie; la nieve = snow.

soplar

verb

to blow

Forms
present: soplo · preterite: soplé · participle: soplado

El viento sopla con fuerza esta tarde.

The wind is blowing hard this afternoon.

Usage note For wind and for your breath: soplar las velas = to blow out the candles.

oscurecer

verb

to get dark

Forms
present: oscurece · preterite: oscureció · participle: oscurecido

En diciembre oscurece muy temprano.

In December it gets dark very early.

Usage note Impersonal for nightfall; anochecer is a synonym. The opposite is amanecer, to get light.

salir el sol

verb

to come out (of the sun); to rise (of the sun)

Forms
present: sale el sol · preterite: salió el sol · participle: salido

Después de la lluvia salió el sol.

After the rain the sun came out.

Usage note The verb usually comes first. La salida del sol = sunrise; ponerse el sol = to set.

nublado

adjective

cloudy; overcast

Forms
nublado · nublada · nublados · nubladas

El cielo está nublado, pero no llueve.

The sky is cloudy, but it isn't raining.

Usage note Usually with estar: está nublado = it's cloudy. Nublarse = to cloud over.

seco

adjective

dry

Forms
seco · seca · secos · secas

El verano aquí es caluroso y seco.

Summer here is hot and dry.

Usage note Also dried (fruta seca) and curt (una respuesta seca). Lavar en seco = to dry-clean.

húmedo

adjective

humid; damp

Forms
húmedo · húmeda · húmedos · húmedas

La ropa sigue húmeda después de varias horas.

The clothes are still damp after several hours.

Usage note Humid for climate and damp for objects. La humedad = humidity or dampness.

09

Stories, time, and connectors

Tell what happened, place events in time, and link ideas in a simple story.

25 entries

entonces

connector

then; so

Forms
invariable

Perdimos el autobús, entonces fuimos a pie.

We missed the bus, so we walked.

Usage note Marks a consequence (so) or a moment (then, back then). Desde entonces = since then.

luego

adverb

then; later

Forms
invariable

Primero cenamos y luego vimos una película.

First we had dinner and then watched a movie.

Usage note Luego = afterwards; hasta luego = see you later. In Mexico, luego luego = right away.

en primer lugar

connector

first; first of all

Forms
invariable

En primer lugar, quiero agradecer su ayuda.

First of all, I want to thank you for your help.

Usage note Orders points in speech and writing; continue with en segundo lugar and por último.

al final

adverb

in the end; at the end

Forms
invariable

Al final decidimos quedarnos en casa.

In the end we decided to stay home.

Usage note Al final = eventually; al final de = at the end of: al final de la calle. Por fin = at last.

de repente

adverb

suddenly

Forms
invariable

De repente empezó a llover muy fuerte.

Suddenly it began to rain very hard.

Usage note Typical in stories with the preterite. In some countries (Chile, Peru) it also means 'maybe'.

todavía

adverb

still; yet

Forms
invariable

Todavía no he recibido la confirmación.

I still haven't received confirmation.

Usage note Todavía no = not yet. Aún is a synonym; todavía más = even more.

además

connector

also; besides; in addition

Forms
invariable

El apartamento es luminoso y, además, está bien ubicado.

The apartment is bright and also well located.

Usage note Adds another point. Además de + noun or infinitive = as well as: además de trabajar, estudia.

aunque

conjunction

although; even though

Forms
invariable

Aunque estaba cansado, salí a caminar.

Although I was tired, I went for a walk.

Usage note With the indicative for known facts. Aunque + subjunctive ('even if') comes at higher levels.

cuando

conjunction

when

Forms
invariable

Cuando llegué, todos estaban cenando.

When I arrived, everyone was having dinner.

Usage note No accent in time clauses; ¿cuándo? is the question word. Future meaning takes the subjunctive.

mientras

conjunction

while

Forms
invariable

Escucho música mientras preparo la cena.

I listen to music while I make dinner.

Usage note For simultaneous actions. Mientras tanto = meanwhile; mientras que = whereas.

durante

preposition

during; for

Forms
invariable

Vivió en Lima durante dos años.

She lived in Lima for two years.

Usage note Expresses duration without por: durante tres horas. Durante la semana = during the week.

desde

preposition

since; from

Forms
invariable

Estudio español desde que llegué a Madrid.

I've been studying Spanish since I arrived in Madrid.

Usage note Use the present for ongoing actions: vivo aquí desde 2020. Desde hace + period = for.

hasta

preposition

until; up to; even

Forms
invariable

La biblioteca abre hasta las ocho.

The library stays open until eight.

Usage note Hasta mañana and hasta luego are farewells. Also 'even': hasta mi abuela baila.

decidir

verb

to decide

Forms
present: decido · preterite: decidí · participle: decidido

Decidimos viajar en tren para ver el paisaje.

We decided to travel by train to see the scenery.

Usage note Takes an infinitive directly: decidí quedarme. Decidirse a = to make up one's mind to.

intentar

verb

to try; to attempt

Forms
present: intento · preterite: intenté · participle: intentado

Intenté llamarte varias veces, pero no contestabas.

I tried to call you several times, but you didn't answer.

Usage note Followed directly by an infinitive. Tratar de is a synonym; probar = to try out or taste.

recibir

verb

to receive; to get; to welcome

Forms
present: recibo · preterite: recibí · participle: recibido

Ayer recibí una carta de mi prima.

Yesterday I received a letter from my cousin.

Usage note Recibir un regalo, un correo. Also to welcome guests: nos recibieron muy bien.

pasar

verb

to happen; to pass; to spend (time)

Forms
present: paso · preterite: pasé · participle: pasado

¿Qué pasó ayer en la oficina?

What happened at the office yesterday?

Usage note Pasar tiempo = to spend time; pasar por = to stop by. ¿Qué te pasa? = what's wrong?

dejar

verb

to leave; to let; to stop (dejar de)

Forms
present: dejo · preterite: dejé · participle: dejado

Dejé las llaves encima de la mesa.

I left the keys on the table.

Usage note Dejar + infinitive = to let; dejar de + infinitive = to stop: dejé de fumar.

contar

verb

to tell; to count

Forms
present: cuento · preterite: conté · participle: contado

Mi abuela nos contaba historias de la guerra.

My grandmother used to tell us stories about the war.

Usage note Stem change o→ue. Contar con alguien = to count on someone. Un cuento = a short story.

romper

verb

to break

Forms
present: rompo · preterite: rompí · participle: roto

Ayer rompí un vaso en la cocina.

Yesterday I broke a glass in the kitchen.

Usage note Irregular participle roto. Romperse is used for accidents: se rompió la pantalla.

ganar

verb

to win; to earn

Forms
present: gano · preterite: gané · participle: ganado

Nuestro equipo ganó el partido por dos a uno.

Our team won the game two to one.

Usage note Win a game or earn money (ganar dinero). Ganarse la vida = to earn a living.

regresar

verb

to return; to come back

Forms
present: regreso · preterite: regresé · participle: regresado

Regresamos al hotel después de medianoche.

We returned to the hotel after midnight.

Usage note Very common in Latin America; volver is more usual in Spain. Regresar a casa = to go home.

alguna vez

adverb

ever; sometime

Forms
invariable

¿Has viajado alguna vez solo?

Have you ever traveled alone?

Usage note In questions it means ever. Alguna que otra vez = now and then; nunca answers it negatively.

hace poco

adverb

recently; not long ago

Forms
invariable

Me mudé a este barrio hace poco.

I moved to this neighborhood recently.

Usage note Hace + time = ago: hace dos años. It goes with the preterite; recientemente is more formal.

otra vez

adverb

again

Forms
invariable

El tren se retrasó otra vez.

The train was delayed again.

Usage note De nuevo is a synonym. Volver a + infinitive often replaces it: volvió a llover.

10

Opinions, preferences, and emotions

Give opinions, agree and disagree, compare options, and describe feelings.

27 entries

la opinión

noun

opinion

Gender
feminine
Forms
la opinión · las opiniones

En mi opinión, el final es demasiado triste.

In my opinion, the ending is too sad.

Usage note En mi opinión introduces a view. Cambiar de opinión = to change one's mind.

la idea

noun

idea

Gender
feminine
Forms
la idea · las ideas

¡Qué buena idea ir a la playa!

What a great idea to go to the beach!

Usage note No tengo ni idea = I have no idea. Hacerse a la idea = to come to terms with something.

la razón

noun

reason

Gender
feminine
Forms
la razón · las razones

No entiendo la razón de su decisión.

I don't understand the reason for her decision.

Usage note Tener razón = to be right; no tener razón = to be wrong. Por esa razón = for that reason.

el problema

noun

problem

Gender
masculine
Forms
el problema · los problemas

Tenemos un problema con la reserva.

We have a problem with the reservation.

Usage note Masculine despite ending in -a. ¡No hay problema! and ningún problema = no problem.

la solución

noun

solution

Gender
feminine
Forms
la solución · las soluciones

Hay que buscar una solución rápida.

We need to find a quick solution.

Usage note Solución a or para un problema. No tiene solución = there's nothing to be done.

la diferencia

noun

difference

Gender
feminine
Forms
la diferencia · las diferencias

No noto la diferencia entre los dos modelos.

I don't notice the difference between the two models.

Usage note Diferencia entre A y B. A diferencia de = unlike: a diferencia de su hermano.

el éxito

noun

success; hit

Gender
masculine
Forms
el éxito · los éxitos

La fiesta fue un éxito.

The party was a success.

Usage note False friend: exit is la salida. Tener éxito = to be successful; un éxito de ventas = a best seller.

la sorpresa

noun

surprise

Gender
feminine
Forms
la sorpresa · las sorpresas

La visita de Marta fue una sorpresa agradable.

Marta's visit was a pleasant surprise.

Usage note ¡Qué sorpresa! Una fiesta sorpresa = a surprise party; por sorpresa = by surprise.

creer

verb

to believe; to think

Forms
present: creo · preterite: creí · participle: creído

Creo que este camino es más corto.

I think this route is shorter.

Usage note Creo que sí / creo que no = I think so / I don't think so. Creer en = to believe in.

pensar

verb

to think; to plan (to)

Forms
present: pienso · preterite: pensé · participle: pensado

¿Qué piensas del nuevo jefe?

What do you think of the new boss?

Usage note Pensar en = to think about; pensar de = to have an opinion of; pensar + infinitive = to plan to.

compartir

verb

to share

Forms
present: comparto · preterite: compartí · participle: compartido

Comparto apartamento con dos estudiantes.

I share an apartment with two students.

Usage note Compartir algo con alguien. In Spain, compartir piso = to share an apartment.

estar de acuerdo

verb

to agree

Forms
present: estoy de acuerdo · preterite: estuve de acuerdo · participle: estado

Estoy de acuerdo contigo en casi todo.

I agree with you on almost everything.

Usage note Con + person, en + point. ¡De acuerdo! alone means OK. Never use ser here.

depender

verb

to depend

Forms
present: dependo · preterite: dependí · participle: dependido

El precio depende de la temporada.

The price depends on the season.

Usage note Always depender de. Depende on its own = it depends, a very frequent answer.

importar

verb

to matter; to mind; to import

Forms
present: me importa · preterite: me importó · participle: importado

No me importa esperar unos minutos.

I don't mind waiting a few minutes.

Usage note Works like gustar. ¿Te importa si...? = do you mind if...? Also literally 'to import' goods.

tener ganas de

verb

to feel like; to look forward to

Forms
present: tengo ganas de · preterite: tuve ganas de · participle: tenido

Tengo ganas de volver a la playa.

I feel like going back to the beach.

Usage note De + infinitive or noun. ¡Qué ganas! = I can't wait! No tengo ganas = I don't feel like it.

sorprender

verb

to surprise

Forms
present: sorprendo · preterite: sorprendí · participle: sorprendido

La noticia nos sorprendió a todos.

The news surprised us all.

Usage note What surprises is the subject: me sorprende tu respuesta. Sorprenderse = to be surprised.

preocupar

verb

to worry

Forms
present: me preocupa · preterite: me preocupó · participle: preocupado

Me preocupa llegar tarde a la entrevista.

I'm worried about arriving late for the interview.

Usage note Works like gustar. Preocuparse por = to worry about; estar preocupado = to be worried.

alegrarse

verb

to be glad; to be happy (about)

Forms
present: me alegro · preterite: me alegré · participle: alegrado

Me alegro de verte otra vez.

I'm glad to see you again.

Usage note Alegrarse de + infinitive or noun. ¡Me alegro! = I'm glad (to hear that)!

enfadarse

verb

to get angry; to get upset

Forms
present: me enfado · preterite: me enfadé · participle: enfadado
Regional
Latin America: enojarse

Se enfadó conmigo por llegar tarde.

She got angry with me for arriving late.

Usage note The usual word in Spain; Latin America says enojarse. Con + person, por + reason.

tranquilo

adjective

calm; quiet

Forms
tranquilo · tranquila · tranquilos · tranquilas

Este barrio es tranquilo incluso de noche.

This neighborhood is quiet even at night.

Usage note Ser = quiet by nature; estar = calm right now. ¡Tranquilo! = relax, don't worry.

orgulloso

adjective

proud

Forms
orgulloso · orgullosa · orgullosos · orgullosas

Sus padres están orgullosos de ella.

Her parents are proud of her.

Usage note Estar orgulloso de = proud of; ser orgulloso can mean arrogant or too proud to ask for help.

seguro

adjective

sure; safe; secure

Forms
seguro · segura · seguros · seguras

No estoy seguro de la dirección.

I'm not sure of the address.

Usage note Estar seguro de = to be sure; ser seguro = to be safe. The noun el seguro = insurance.

útil

adjective

useful

Forms
útil · útiles

Esta aplicación es útil para organizar viajes.

This app is useful for organizing trips.

Usage note Same form for both genders. Inútil = useless; útil para + infinitive = useful for.

parecido

adjective

similar; alike

Forms
parecido · parecida · parecidos · parecidas

Mi nuevo horario es parecido al anterior.

My new schedule is similar to the previous one.

Usage note Parecido a = similar to; parecerse a = to look like: se parece a su padre.

preferir

verb

to prefer

Forms
present: prefiero · preterite: preferí · participle: preferido

Prefiero el tren al avión para distancias cortas.

I prefer the train to the plane for short distances.

Usage note Preferir A a B = to prefer A to B. Stem change e→ie; also + infinitive: prefiero caminar.

llorar

verb

to cry; to weep

Forms
present: lloro · preterite: lloré · participle: llorado

Lloré mucho con el final de la película.

I cried a lot at the end of the movie.

Usage note Llorar de alegría / de risa = to cry with joy / laughter. To shout is gritar, not llorar.

parecer

verb

to seem; to look

Forms
present: parezco · preterite: parecí · participle: parecido

Tu propuesta me parece bastante razonable.

Your proposal seems quite reasonable to me.

Usage note Me parece que = I think that. ¿Qué te parece? = what do you think? Irregular yo form parezco.

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