A1

Beginner Spanish

A1 Spanish Vocabulary: 300 Essential Words

Build your first practical Spanish vocabulary with 300 beginner words, clear English meanings, and short examples for everyday situations.

At A1, the goal is not to know every possible word. It is to recognize and use a dependable core for greetings, introductions, numbers, dates, home life, food, places, and simple routines. Read each Spanish example aloud, then replace one detail to make the sentence your own.

01

Greetings and introductions

Say hello and goodbye, be polite, and introduce yourself and others.

24 entries

hola

interjection

hello; hi

Forms
fixed expression

¡Hola, Marta! ¿Cómo estás?

Hi, Marta! How are you?

Usage note The h is silent. It works in any situation, from close friends to shop staff.

adiós

interjection

goodbye; bye

Forms
fixed expression

Adiós, nos vemos el lunes.

Bye, see you on Monday.

Usage note Can sound a little final; for casual goodbyes many people say chao or hasta luego.

hasta luego

interjection

see you later; bye

Forms
fixed expression

Me voy a casa. ¡Hasta luego!

I'm going home. See you later!

Usage note An everyday goodbye even if you won't see the person again soon; hasta mañana means see you tomorrow.

buenos días

interjection

good morning

Forms
fixed expression

Buenos días, señora López.

Good morning, Mrs. López.

Usage note Always plural. Used until lunchtime; in parts of Latin America buen día is also common.

buenas tardes

interjection

good afternoon; good evening

Forms
fixed expression

Buenas tardes, tengo una reserva.

Good afternoon, I have a reservation.

Usage note Used from lunchtime until dark; in casual speech people often shorten it to buenas.

buenas noches

interjection

good evening; good night

Forms
fixed expression

Buenas noches, mamá, hasta mañana.

Good night, Mom, see you tomorrow.

Usage note Works both as a greeting after dark and as a goodbye before going to bed.

gracias

interjection

thank you; thanks

Forms
fixed expression

Muchas gracias por la ayuda.

Thank you very much for the help.

Usage note Add muchas for emphasis; the reason follows por: gracias por todo.

de nada

interjection

you're welcome

Forms
fixed expression

De nada, es un placer.

You're welcome, it's a pleasure.

Usage note The standard reply to gracias; no hay de qué and con gusto are common alternatives.

por favor

interjection

please

Forms
fixed expression

¿Me pasas la sal, por favor?

Can you pass me the salt, please?

Usage note Usually goes at the end of a request; a friendly tone matters as much as the word itself.

perdón

interjection

sorry; excuse me

Forms
fixed expression

Perdón, ¿dónde está la salida?

Excuse me, where is the exit?

Usage note Used to get attention or for small mistakes; perdone and disculpe sound more formal.

lo siento

interjection

I'm sorry

Forms
fixed expression

Lo siento, no tengo cambio.

I'm sorry, I don't have change.

Usage note A real apology or sympathy; for bumping into someone, perdón is more natural.

mucho gusto

interjection

nice to meet you

Forms
fixed expression

Mucho gusto, yo soy Andrés.

Nice to meet you, I'm Andrés.

Usage note Said when meeting someone; encantado or encantada is a common alternative.

¿qué tal?

interjection

how are you?; how's it going?

Forms
fixed expression

¿Qué tal el nuevo trabajo?

How's the new job going?

Usage note Alone it is a casual greeting; add a noun to ask about something: ¿qué tal el viaje?

el señor

noun

man; gentleman; Mr.; sir

Gender
masculine
Forms
el señor · los señores

El señor Ruiz trabaja en el banco.

Mr. Ruiz works at the bank.

Usage note Needs the article before a surname (el señor Ruiz) except when you speak to him directly.

la señora

noun

woman; lady; Mrs.; madam

Gender
feminine
Forms
la señora · las señoras

La señora del quinto piso es muy amable.

The lady on the fifth floor is very kind.

Usage note A polite word for an adult woman; señorita is used for young women.

sí

adverb

yes

Forms
invariable

Sí, hablo un poco de español.

Yes, I speak a little Spanish.

Usage note The accent separates sí (yes) from si (if). Sí, claro is a friendly, strong yes.

no

adverb

no; not

Forms
invariable

No, no soy de aquí.

No, I'm not from here.

Usage note Goes right before the verb. In answers it often appears twice: one no answers, the other negates.

el nombre

noun

name; first name

Gender
masculine
Forms
el nombre · los nombres

Mi nombre completo es Julia Pérez.

My full name is Julia Pérez.

Usage note Your first or full name; the family name is el apellido, and most people have two.

el país

noun

country

Gender
masculine
Forms
el país · los países

¿De qué país eres?

What country are you from?

Usage note The accent splits the vowels: pa-ís. For countryside, Spanish uses el campo.

llamarse

verb

to be called; to be named

Forms
present: me llamo · preterite: me llamé · participle: llamado

Mi hermana se llama Lucía.

My sister's name is Lucía.

Usage note The usual way to give a name: me llamo Ana. The pronoun changes: te llamas, se llama.

ser

verb

to be

Forms
present: soy · preterite: fui · participle: sido

Soy de Colombia y soy enfermera.

I'm from Colombia and I'm a nurse.

Usage note For identity, origin, and job. No article before a job: soy enfermera, not soy una enfermera.

vivir

verb

to live

Forms
present: vivo · preterite: viví · participle: vivido

¿Vives cerca de la universidad?

Do you live near the university?

Usage note Regular -ir verb; the place follows en: vivo en Quito.

hablar

verb

to speak; to talk

Forms
present: hablo · preterite: hablé · participle: hablado

Hablo inglés y un poco de español.

I speak English and a little Spanish.

Usage note No article before a language after hablar. Hablar con means to talk to someone.

conocer

verb

to know; to meet

Forms
present: conozco · preterite: conocí · participle: conocido

Conozco a tu hermana.

I know your sister.

Usage note For people and places you are familiar with; use saber for facts. Put a before people.

02

Pronouns and question words

Talk about who owns what, point to things, and ask simple questions.

25 entries

yo

pronoun

I

Forms
yo · me · mí · conmigo

Yo soy Carmen, ¿y tú?

I'm Carmen, and you?

Usage note Usually dropped, since the verb ending shows the person; use it for emphasis or contrast.

tú

pronoun

you (informal)

Forms
tú · te · ti · contigo
Regional
Argentina, Uruguay, Central America: vos

¿Tú también eres profesora?

Are you a teacher too?

Usage note Informal singular you. The accent separates tú (you) from tu (your).

usted

pronoun

you (formal)

Forms
usted · lo · la · le

¿Usted es el señor Martínez?

Are you Mr. Martínez?

Usage note Formal you with third-person verbs: usted habla. Often abbreviated Ud. in writing.

él

pronoun

he; him

Forms
él · lo · le

Él trabaja en un hospital.

He works at a hospital.

Usage note The accent separates él (he) from el (the). After prepositions it stays él: para él.

ella

pronoun

she; her

Forms
ella · la · le

Ella habla tres idiomas.

She speaks three languages.

Usage note Also used after prepositions: con ella, para ella. As an object use la or le.

nosotros

pronoun

we; us

Forms
nosotros · nosotras · nos

Nosotros vamos en tren.

We're going by train.

Usage note Nosotras is used by a group of only women; the object form is nos.

ustedes

pronoun

you (plural)

Forms
ustedes · los · las · les
Regional
Spain (informal): vosotros

¿Ustedes quieren algo de beber?

Would you all like something to drink?

Usage note The only plural you in Latin America; in Spain it is formal, and friends use vosotros.

ellos

pronoun

they; them

Forms
ellos · ellas · los · las · les

Ellos viven en el mismo barrio.

They live in the same neighborhood.

Usage note Ellos covers men or mixed groups; ellas is only for groups of women.

el

article

the

Forms
el · la · los · las

El museo cierra los lunes.

The museum closes on Mondays.

Usage note No accent: el is the article, él is he. A + el becomes al, and de + el becomes del.

un

article

a; an

Forms
un · una · unos · unas

Necesito un bolígrafo y una hoja.

I need a pen and a sheet of paper.

Usage note Not used with jobs after ser: soy médico. Unos and unas mean some.

mi

determiner

my

Forms
mi · mis

Mi perro se llama Toby.

My dog's name is Toby.

Usage note Agrees only in number: mis libros. No accent; mí with an accent means me.

tu

determiner

your (informal)

Forms
tu · tus

¿Dónde están tus zapatos?

Where are your shoes?

Usage note No accent, unlike the pronoun tú. For formal your, use su.

su

determiner

his; her; its; their; your (formal)

Forms
su · sus

Carlos vive con su abuela.

Carlos lives with his grandmother.

Usage note Context shows the owner; for clarity, say de él, de ella, or de usted.

nuestro

determiner

our

Forms
nuestro · nuestra · nuestros · nuestras

Nuestra casa tiene un jardín pequeño.

Our house has a small garden.

Usage note Agrees with the thing owned, not the owners: nuestra casa, nuestros hijos.

este

determiner

this

Forms
este · esta · estos · estas

Esta mochila es de Laura.

This backpack is Laura's.

Usage note For things near the speaker; the neuter esto is for unknown things: ¿qué es esto?

ese

determiner

that

Forms
ese · esa · esos · esas

¿Cuánto cuesta esa camiseta?

How much is that T-shirt?

Usage note For things near the listener; aquel points to things farther away.

qué

pronoun

what; which

Forms
invariable

¿Qué haces esta noche?

What are you doing tonight?

Usage note Always accented in questions and exclamations: ¡qué bonito! Before a noun it means which.

quién

pronoun

who

Forms
quién · quiénes

¿Quién tiene mis llaves?

Who has my keys?

Usage note Use quiénes for more than one person; with a preposition: ¿con quién vives?

cuál

pronoun

which; what

Forms
cuál · cuáles

¿Cuál es tu comida favorita?

What's your favorite food?

Usage note Before ser it asks for a specific item where English says what: ¿cuál es tu dirección?

cuándo

adverb

when

Forms
invariable

¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?

When is your birthday?

Usage note Accented in questions; without the accent, cuando joins two ideas: cuando llego a casa.

dónde

adverb

where

Forms
invariable

¿Dónde compras la fruta?

Where do you buy fruit?

Usage note For origin say de dónde; for movement, adónde: ¿adónde vas?

cómo

adverb

how

Forms
invariable

¿Cómo vas al trabajo?

How do you get to work?

Usage note Also asks about people and things: ¿cómo estás? for mood, ¿cómo es? for description.

cuánto

pronoun

how much; how many

Forms
cuánto · cuánta · cuántos · cuántas

¿Cuántos hermanos tienes?

How many siblings do you have?

Usage note Agrees with the noun: cuánta agua, cuántas horas. ¿Cuánto cuesta? asks the price.

por qué

adverb

why

Forms
invariable

¿Por qué estudias español?

Why are you studying Spanish?

Usage note Two words with an accent; the answer uses porque, one word without an accent.

aquí

adverb

here

Forms
invariable

Aquí tienes tu café.

Here's your coffee.

Usage note For places near the speaker; acá is very common in Latin America.

03

Connectors and little words

Link ideas, talk about quantity, and use the small words that hold sentences together.

25 entries

de

preposition

of; from

Forms
invariable

Soy de Venezuela.

I'm from Venezuela.

Usage note Shows origin, owner, and material: la casa de Ana, una mesa de madera. De + el becomes del.

a

preposition

to; at

Forms
invariable

Voy a casa a las seis.

I go home at six.

Usage note Marks destination and clock time; a + el becomes al. It also goes before people as objects: veo a Luis.

en

preposition

in; on; at

Forms
invariable

Las llaves están en la mesa.

The keys are on the table.

Usage note Covers in, on, and at for location. Also used for transport: en tren, en coche.

con

preposition

with

Forms
invariable

Voy al cine con mis primos.

I'm going to the movies with my cousins.

Usage note With mí and ti it becomes one word: conmigo, contigo.

sin

preposition

without

Forms
invariable

Quiero agua sin hielo.

I want water without ice.

Usage note Usually no article after it: sin azúcar. Before a verb use the infinitive: sin pagar.

para

preposition

for; in order to

Forms
invariable

Este regalo es para Ana.

This gift is for Ana.

Usage note Marks recipient, purpose, and deadline: para mañana. Before a verb it means in order to.

por

preposition

through; for; by

Forms
invariable

Paseamos por el parque.

We walk through the park.

Usage note Marks movement through, cause, and exchange: gracias por todo. Also part of por la mañana.

y

conjunction

and

Forms
invariable

Luis y Marta son amigos.

Luis and Marta are friends.

Usage note Becomes e before words that start with an i sound: padre e hijo.

o

conjunction

or

Forms
invariable

¿Quieres té o café?

Do you want tea or coffee?

Usage note Becomes u before words that start with an o sound: siete u ocho.

pero

conjunction

but

Forms
invariable

Es pequeño, pero cómodo.

It's small but comfortable.

Usage note Joins contrasting ideas. After a negative, use sino to correct: no es rojo, sino azul.

porque

conjunction

because

Forms
invariable

Estudio español porque vivo aquí.

I study Spanish because I live here.

Usage note One word with no accent; por qué, two words with an accent, means why.

si

conjunction

if

Forms
invariable

Si tienes tiempo, llámame.

If you have time, call me.

Usage note No accent; sí with an accent means yes. Si no means if not: si no llueve, salimos.

muy

adverb

very

Forms
invariable

La sopa está muy caliente.

The soup is very hot.

Usage note Goes before adjectives and adverbs. Before nouns use mucho: muy cansado but mucho frío.

también

adverb

also; too

Forms
invariable

Mi hermana también estudia aquí.

My sister also studies here.

Usage note Yo también agrees with a positive statement; for negatives use tampoco.

más

adverb

more

Forms
invariable

Quiero un poco más de arroz.

I'd like a little more rice.

Usage note Written with an accent. Comparisons use que: más alto que yo.

menos

adverb

less; fewer

Forms
invariable

Ahora trabajo menos horas.

I work fewer hours now.

Usage note Covers both less and fewer. In clock times it means to: las tres menos cuarto.

todo

determiner

all; every; everything

Forms
todo · toda · todos · todas

Todos los días camino al trabajo.

I walk to work every day.

Usage note Todos los días means every day, but todo el día means all day. Alone, todo means everything.

otro

determiner

other; another

Forms
otro · otra · otros · otras

¿Me trae otro vaso, por favor?

Could you bring me another glass, please?

Usage note Never use un before it: otro café, not un otro café.

mucho

determiner

a lot of; much; many

Forms
mucho · mucha · muchos · muchas

Hay mucha gente en la playa.

There are a lot of people at the beach.

Usage note Agrees with the noun; after a verb it doesn't change: trabajo mucho. Use muy before adjectives.

poco

determiner

little; few; not much

Forms
poco · poca · pocos · pocas

Tengo poco tiempo hoy.

I don't have much time today.

Usage note Poco stresses that it isn't enough; un poco means a little and sounds more positive.

algo

pronoun

something; anything

Forms
invariable

¿Quieres algo de comer?

Do you want something to eat?

Usage note Negative sentences use nada instead. Before an adjective it means a bit: algo cansado.

nada

pronoun

nothing; anything

Forms
invariable

No hay nada en la nevera.

There's nothing in the fridge.

Usage note After the verb it needs no before it: no quiero nada. De nada means you're welcome.

allí

adverb

there

Forms
invariable

Mi mochila está allí.

My backpack is over there.

Usage note For places far from the speaker; ahí is closer to the listener, and allá is common in Latin America.

bien

adverb

well; fine

Forms
invariable

Estoy bien, gracias.

I'm fine, thanks.

Usage note An adverb, so it never changes: están bien. Bueno is the matching adjective.

mal

adverb

badly; poorly; unwell

Forms
invariable

Duermo mal cuando hace calor.

I sleep badly when it's hot.

Usage note Invariable adverb; malo is the adjective, shortened to mal before a masculine noun: un mal día.

04

People and family

Describe the people around you and talk about your family and friends.

24 entries

la persona

noun

person

Gender
feminine
Forms
la persona · las personas

Hay una persona en la puerta.

There is someone at the door.

Usage note Always feminine, even for a man. For people in general, la gente is more common than personas.

el hombre

noun

man

Gender
masculine
Forms
el hombre · los hombres

Ese hombre es mi vecino.

That man is my neighbor.

Usage note The h is silent. Señor sounds more polite when you talk about someone you don't know.

la mujer

noun

woman; wife

Gender
feminine
Forms
la mujer · las mujeres

La mujer de Pablo es médica.

Pablo's wife is a doctor.

Usage note Also means wife: mi mujer. Esposa is a neutral alternative.

el niño

noun

boy; child

Gender
masculine
Forms
el niño · los niños

El niño juega con su perro.

The boy plays with his dog.

Usage note Los niños also means children in general, boys and girls together.

la niña

noun

girl

Gender
feminine
Forms
la niña · las niñas

La niña tiene ocho años.

The girl is eight years old.

Usage note For ages, Spanish uses tener, not ser: tiene ocho años.

el chico

noun

boy; guy

Gender
masculine
Forms
el chico · los chicos

Los chicos juegan al fútbol en el parque.

The boys play soccer in the park.

Usage note Used for teens and young men, and informally for any young guy; muchacho is common in Latin America.

la chica

noun

girl; young woman

Gender
feminine
Forms
la chica · las chicas

La chica de la tienda es muy simpática.

The girl at the store is very nice.

Usage note A friendly word for a teenager or young woman; for an older woman use señora.

la familia

noun

family

Gender
feminine
Forms
la familia · las familias

Mi familia vive en Guadalajara.

My family lives in Guadalajara.

Usage note Singular even for many people, so the verb is singular: mi familia vive aquí.

los padres

noun

parents

Gender
masculine
Forms
los padres · singular: el padre

Mis padres viven en el campo.

My parents live in the countryside.

Usage note In the plural it means mother and father together, not only fathers.

la madre

noun

mother

Gender
feminine
Forms
la madre · las madres

Mi madre vive cerca.

My mother lives nearby.

Usage note Mamá is the warm, everyday word for your own mother.

el padre

noun

father

Gender
masculine
Forms
el padre · los padres

Mi padre cocina los domingos.

My father cooks on Sundays.

Usage note Papá is the everyday word for your own father. El padre can also mean a priest.

el hermano

noun

brother

Gender
masculine
Forms
el hermano · los hermanos

Mi hermano se llama David.

My brother's name is David.

Usage note Los hermanos can mean brothers or brothers and sisters: ¿tienes hermanos?

la hermana

noun

sister

Gender
feminine
Forms
la hermana · las hermanas

Su hermana trabaja conmigo.

His sister works with me.

Usage note Hermana mayor is older sister; hermana menor is younger sister.

el hijo

noun

son; child

Gender
masculine
Forms
el hijo · los hijos

Nuestro hijo va a la escuela.

Our son goes to school.

Usage note Los hijos means sons or children in general: ¿tienen hijos?

la hija

noun

daughter

Gender
feminine
Forms
la hija · las hijas

Su hija habla inglés.

Their daughter speaks English.

Usage note The h is silent. Hija única means only daughter.

el abuelo

noun

grandfather

Gender
masculine
Forms
el abuelo · los abuelos

Mi abuelo tiene ochenta años.

My grandfather is eighty.

Usage note Los abuelos means grandparents; abuelito is an affectionate form.

la abuela

noun

grandmother

Gender
feminine
Forms
la abuela · las abuelas

La abuela de Sofía vive en Cuba.

Sofía's grandmother lives in Cuba.

Usage note Abuelita is a very common affectionate form, especially in Latin America.

el amigo

noun

friend

Gender
masculine
Forms
el amigo · los amigos

Carlos es un buen amigo.

Carlos is a good friend.

Usage note A male friend; los amigos covers a mixed group. A boyfriend is el novio.

la amiga

noun

friend

Gender
feminine
Forms
la amiga · las amigas

Una amiga viene a cenar.

A friend is coming for dinner.

Usage note A female friend; a girlfriend in a romantic sense is la novia.

joven

adjective

young

Forms
joven · jóvenes

Mis padres son jóvenes.

My parents are young.

Usage note Same form for both genders; the plural jóvenes adds an accent. Un joven is a young man.

mayor

adjective

older; elderly

Forms
mayor · mayores

Mi hermano mayor tiene veinte años.

My older brother is twenty.

Usage note After family words it means older; menor means younger. Una persona mayor is a polite way to say elderly.

querer

verb

to want; to love

Forms
present: quiero · preterite: quise · participle: querido

Quiero mucho a mis abuelos.

I love my grandparents very much.

Usage note Also means to want: quiero agua. Te quiero is the usual I love you for family and partners.

gustar

verb

to like

Forms
present: me gusta · preterite: me gustó · participle: gustado

Me gusta esta ciudad.

I like this city.

Usage note The liked thing is the subject: me gusta el café, but me gustan los perros.

ayudar

verb

to help

Forms
present: ayudo · preterite: ayudé · participle: ayudado

Ayudo a mi abuelo con las compras.

I help my grandfather with the shopping.

Usage note Put a before the person helped; a + infinitive names the task: te ayudo a cocinar.

05

Everyday actions

Use the most frequent verbs for daily routines, plans, and moving around.

25 entries

estar

verb

to be

Forms
present: estoy · preterite: estuve · participle: estado

El banco está en la plaza.

The bank is on the square.

Usage note For location and temporary states: estoy cansado. Ser is for identity and origin.

tener

verb

to have

Forms
present: tengo · preterite: tuve · participle: tenido

Tenemos dos hijos y un perro.

We have two children and a dog.

Usage note Also used for age: tengo treinta años. Tener que + infinitive means to have to.

haber

verb

there is; there are

Forms
present: hay · preterite: hubo · participle: habido

Hay pan en la cocina.

There is bread in the kitchen.

Usage note Hay works for singular and plural: hay un banco, hay dos bancos. It also forms perfect tenses.

hacer

verb

to do; to make

Forms
present: hago · preterite: hice · participle: hecho

Hago la cena a las siete.

I make dinner at seven.

Usage note Irregular hago, hice, hecho. Also used for weather: hace calor.

ir

verb

to go

Forms
present: voy · preterite: fui · participle: ido

Vamos al mercado en autobús.

We go to the market by bus.

Usage note The destination follows a. Ir a + infinitive talks about plans: voy a comer.

venir

verb

to come

Forms
present: vengo · preterite: vine · participle: venido

Mi amigo viene mañana.

My friend is coming tomorrow.

Usage note Movement toward the speaker; ir is movement away. Irregular vengo and vine.

llegar

verb

to arrive

Forms
present: llego · preterite: llegué · participle: llegado

El autobús llega a las nueve.

The bus arrives at nine.

Usage note Spanish uses a, not en, with the place: llego a Madrid. Llegar tarde means to be late.

salir

verb

to leave; to go out

Forms
present: salgo · preterite: salí · participle: salido

Salgo de casa temprano.

I leave home early.

Usage note The place you leave follows de. Salir con amigos means to go out with friends.

entrar

verb

to enter; to go in

Forms
present: entro · preterite: entré · participle: entrado

Entramos en la tienda.

We go into the store.

Usage note Spain prefers entrar en; Latin America usually says entrar a.

comer

verb

to eat; to have lunch

Forms
present: como · preterite: comí · participle: comido

Como fruta en el desayuno.

I eat fruit for breakfast.

Usage note In Spain and Mexico, comer also means to have the main midday meal.

beber

verb

to drink

Forms
present: bebo · preterite: bebí · participle: bebido

Bebo mucha agua cuando hago deporte.

I drink a lot of water when I exercise.

Usage note Tomar is more common than beber for drinks in much of Latin America.

dormir

verb

to sleep

Forms
present: duermo · preterite: dormí · participle: dormido

Los niños duermen ocho horas.

The children sleep eight hours.

Usage note The o changes to ue when stressed: duermo, but dormimos. Dormirse means to fall asleep.

levantarse

verb

to get up

Forms
present: me levanto · preterite: me levanté · participle: levantado

Me levanto a las seis y media.

I get up at six thirty.

Usage note Reflexive. Without se, levantar means to lift: levanto la mano.

ducharse

verb

to take a shower; to shower

Forms
present: me ducho · preterite: me duché · participle: duchado

Me ducho antes del desayuno.

I shower before breakfast.

Usage note Reflexive. Bañarse is to take a bath, and in parts of Latin America it also means to shower.

trabajar

verb

to work

Forms
present: trabajo · preterite: trabajé · participle: trabajado

Mi madre trabaja en un hotel.

My mother works at a hotel.

Usage note The workplace follows en. Trabajar de means to work as: trabaja de camarero.

estudiar

verb

to study

Forms
present: estudio · preterite: estudié · participle: estudiado

Estudiamos español por la tarde.

We study Spanish in the afternoon.

Usage note Subjects usually go without an article: estudio medicina.

leer

verb

to read

Forms
present: leo · preterite: leí · participle: leído

Leo el periódico en el café.

I read the newspaper at the café.

Usage note The two e's are pronounced separately. Some past forms use y: leyó, leyeron.

escribir

verb

to write

Forms
present: escribo · preterite: escribí · participle: escrito

Escribo un mensaje a Laura.

I'm writing a message to Laura.

Usage note Irregular participle escrito. The person you write to follows a.

abrir

verb

to open

Forms
present: abro · preterite: abrí · participle: abierto

Abro la ventana porque hace calor.

I open the window because it's hot.

Usage note Regular in the present, but the participle is abierto. For opening hours: abre a las nueve.

cerrar

verb

to close; to shut

Forms
present: cierro · preterite: cerré · participle: cerrado

Cierra la puerta, por favor.

Close the door, please.

Usage note The e changes to ie when stressed: cierro, but cerramos.

empezar

verb

to begin; to start

Forms
present: empiezo · preterite: empecé · participle: empezado

La clase empieza a las diez.

The class starts at ten.

Usage note Stem change e to ie, and z becomes c in empecé. Empezar a + infinitive: empiezo a trabajar.

terminar

verb

to finish; to end

Forms
present: termino · preterite: terminé · participle: terminado

Termino el trabajo a las cinco.

I finish work at five.

Usage note Terminar de + infinitive means to finish doing something: termino de comer.

dar

verb

to give

Forms
present: doy · preterite: di · participle: dado

Le doy agua al perro.

I give the dog water.

Usage note Irregular doy and di, with no accent. Common phrases: dar un paseo, dar las gracias.

poner

verb

to put

Forms
present: pongo · preterite: puse · participle: puesto

Pongo los vasos en la mesa.

I put the glasses on the table.

Usage note Irregular pongo, puse, puesto. Ponerse means to put on clothes.

tomar

verb

to take; to have (food, drinks)

Forms
present: tomo · preterite: tomé · participle: tomado

Tomo el metro todos los días.

I take the subway every day.

Usage note Used for transport, drinks, and medicine: tomar un café. Coger is common in Spain but vulgar in parts of Latin America.

06

Food and shopping

Name basic foods and meals, order in a café, and handle simple purchases.

25 entries

el agua

noun

water

Gender
feminine
Forms
el agua · las aguas

Quiero un vaso de agua.

I want a glass of water.

Usage note Feminine, but takes el in the singular because it starts with a stressed a: el agua fría.

el pan

noun

bread

Gender
masculine
Forms
el pan · los panes

Compro pan fresco cada mañana.

I buy fresh bread every morning.

Usage note Usually no article when you speak in general: ¿hay pan? Pan dulce means sweet pastries in Mexico.

la leche

noun

milk

Gender
feminine
Forms
la leche · las leches

El niño bebe leche caliente.

The child drinks warm milk.

Usage note Usually uncountable. Café con leche is coffee with a lot of milk.

el café

noun

coffee; café

Gender
masculine
Forms
el café · los cafés

Un café con leche, por favor.

A coffee with milk, please.

Usage note Also means a café. In Spain black coffee is café solo; in Latin America, café negro or tinto in Colombia.

el té

noun

tea

Gender
masculine
Forms
el té · los tés

Prefiero el té sin azúcar.

I prefer tea without sugar.

Usage note The accent separates té (tea) from te (you, yourself).

la fruta

noun

fruit

Gender
feminine
Forms
la fruta · las frutas

La fruta está en la nevera.

The fruit is in the refrigerator.

Usage note The singular often means fruit in general: como mucha fruta. Frutas stresses different kinds.

la manzana

noun

apple

Gender
feminine
Forms
la manzana · las manzanas

Llevo una manzana al trabajo.

I take an apple to work.

Usage note In many countries manzana also means a city block.

el arroz

noun

rice

Gender
masculine
Forms
el arroz · los arroces

Hoy comemos arroz con pollo.

Today we're having rice with chicken.

Usage note Usually uncountable. The plural arroces changes z to c and means rice dishes.

la carne

noun

meat

Gender
feminine
Forms
la carne · las carnes

No como carne, pero como pescado.

I don't eat meat, but I eat fish.

Usage note Beef is carne de res in much of Latin America and ternera in Spain; pork is carne de cerdo.

el pescado

noun

fish (as food)

Gender
masculine
Forms
el pescado · los pescados

Aquí el pescado es muy fresco.

The fish here is very fresh.

Usage note Pescado is fish you eat; a live fish swimming in water is un pez.

la verdura

noun

vegetable; vegetables

Gender
feminine
Forms
la verdura · las verduras

Necesitamos verduras para la sopa.

We need vegetables for the soup.

Usage note Often plural. Los vegetales is also common in Latin America.

el desayuno

noun

breakfast

Gender
masculine
Forms
el desayuno · los desayunos

El desayuno está listo.

Breakfast is ready.

Usage note The verb is desayunar: desayuno a las ocho, with no hacer.

la comida

noun

food; meal; lunch

Gender
feminine
Forms
la comida · las comidas

La comida de este restaurante es buena.

The food at this restaurant is good.

Usage note In Spain and Mexico it is also the main midday meal; elsewhere that meal is el almuerzo.

el almuerzo

noun

lunch

Gender
masculine
Forms
el almuerzo · los almuerzos
Regional
Spain, Mexico: la comida

¿Qué hay de almuerzo hoy?

What's for lunch today?

Usage note The usual word for lunch in most of Latin America; in Spain it is often a mid-morning snack.

la cena

noun

dinner; supper

Gender
feminine
Forms
la cena · las cenas

La cena es a las ocho.

Dinner is at eight.

Usage note The verb is cenar. In Spain dinner is often late, around nine or ten.

comprar

verb

to buy

Forms
present: compro · preterite: compré · participle: comprado

Compro tomates en el mercado.

I buy tomatoes at the market.

Usage note The person you buy for follows a or para: le compro flores a mi madre.

pagar

verb

to pay; to pay for

Forms
present: pago · preterite: pagué · participle: pagado

¿Puedo pagar con tarjeta?

Can I pay by card?

Usage note No preposition before the thing paid for: pago la cuenta. Pagué adds u to keep the hard g.

costar

verb

to cost

Forms
present: cuesta · preterite: costó · participle: costado

¿Cuánto cuesta esta camisa?

How much does this shirt cost?

Usage note The o changes to ue: cuesta, and cuestan for plural things.

pedir

verb

to ask for; to order

Forms
present: pido · preterite: pedí · participle: pedido

Pido una sopa y agua.

I order soup and water.

Usage note For requests and ordering food; to ask a question use preguntar.

necesitar

verb

to need

Forms
present: necesito · preterite: necesité · participle: necesitado

Necesito una bolsa, por favor.

I need a bag, please.

Usage note Takes a noun or infinitive directly, with no de: necesito dormir.

cocinar

verb

to cook

Forms
present: cocino · preterite: cociné · participle: cocinado

Cocinamos pasta para cuatro personas.

We cook pasta for four people.

Usage note For specific dishes, hacer is also common: hago una tortilla.

bueno

adjective

good; tasty

Forms
bueno · buen · buena · buenos · buenas

Este queso está muy bueno.

This cheese is really good.

Usage note Becomes buen before a masculine singular noun: un buen día. With estar it often means tasty.

malo

adjective

bad

Forms
malo · mal · mala · malos · malas

La comida del hospital es mala.

The hospital food is bad.

Usage note Becomes mal before a masculine singular noun: un mal día. In Spain estar malo can mean to be sick.

barato

adjective

cheap; inexpensive

Forms
barato · barata · baratos · baratas

Las naranjas están baratas hoy.

The oranges are cheap today.

Usage note Agrees with the item: una camisa barata. Económico sounds more polite.

caro

adjective

expensive

Forms
caro · cara · caros · caras

Ese restaurante es muy caro.

That restaurant is very expensive.

Usage note Agrees with the noun. The opposite is barato; salir caro means to turn out expensive.

07

Home and everyday objects

Name rooms and common objects and talk about simple tasks around the house.

17 entries

la casa

noun

house; home

Gender
feminine
Forms
la casa · las casas

Mi casa está cerca del centro.

My house is near downtown.

Usage note No article for home: estoy en casa (at home), voy a casa (going home).

el piso

noun

apartment; floor

Gender
masculine
Forms
el piso · los pisos
Regional
Latin America: el departamento / el apartamento

Vivimos en un piso con balcón.

We live in an apartment with a balcony.

Usage note Apartment is Spain-leaning; everywhere it also means floor or story: el tercer piso.

la habitación

noun

room; bedroom

Gender
feminine
Forms
la habitación · las habitaciones

La habitación tiene dos camas.

The room has two beds.

Usage note Also a hotel room. Cuarto is a common synonym, and recámara is used in Mexico.

la cocina

noun

kitchen; cuisine

Gender
feminine
Forms
la cocina · las cocinas

Las tazas están en la cocina.

The cups are in the kitchen.

Usage note Also means cuisine, as in la cocina mexicana, and the stove.

el baño

noun

bathroom; bath

Gender
masculine
Forms
el baño · los baños

¿Dónde está el baño?

Where is the bathroom?

Usage note The polite question in any restaurant; in Spain el aseo and el servicio are also used.

la puerta

noun

door; gate

Gender
feminine
Forms
la puerta · las puertas

La puerta está abierta.

The door is open.

Usage note Also a gate at the airport: la puerta de embarque.

la mesa

noun

table

Gender
feminine
Forms
la mesa · las mesas

Los platos están sobre la mesa.

The plates are on the table.

Usage note Poner la mesa means to set the table; recoger la mesa is to clear it.

la cama

noun

bed

Gender
feminine
Forms
la cama · las camas

El gato duerme debajo de la cama.

The cat sleeps under the bed.

Usage note Hacer la cama means to make the bed; irse a la cama means to go to bed.

la llave

noun

key

Gender
feminine
Forms
la llave · las llaves

No encuentro la llave de casa.

I can't find the house key.

Usage note In much of Latin America la llave also means a tap or faucet.

el teléfono

noun

phone; telephone

Gender
masculine
Forms
el teléfono · los teléfonos

Mi teléfono está en la mochila.

My phone is in my backpack.

Usage note A mobile phone is el móvil in Spain and el celular in Latin America.

la ropa

noun

clothes; clothing

Gender
feminine
Forms
la ropa · usually singular

La ropa limpia está en el armario.

The clean clothes are in the closet.

Usage note Singular in Spanish, with a singular verb: la ropa está sucia.

el dinero

noun

money

Gender
masculine
Forms
el dinero · usually singular

No tengo dinero en efectivo.

I don't have any cash.

Usage note Always singular: el dinero está en la mesa. Plata is a very common informal word in Latin America.

buscar

verb

to look for; to search for

Forms
present: busco · preterite: busqué · participle: buscado

Busco un regalo para mi madre.

I'm looking for a present for my mom.

Usage note No word for for: busco trabajo. The preterite busqué changes c to qu.

encontrar

verb

to find

Forms
present: encuentro · preterite: encontré · participle: encontrado

Por fin encontré las llaves.

I finally found the keys.

Usage note The o changes to ue: encuentro. No encuentro is the natural way to say I can't find.

usar

verb

to use

Forms
present: uso · preterite: usé · participle: usado

¿Puedo usar tu cargador?

Can I use your charger?

Usage note In parts of Latin America it also means to wear: usa lentes.

limpiar

verb

to clean

Forms
present: limpio · preterite: limpié · participle: limpiado

Limpio la cocina después de cenar.

I clean the kitchen after dinner.

Usage note Limpio is also the adjective clean: la casa está limpia.

llevar

verb

to carry; to take; to wear

Forms
present: llevo · preterite: llevé · participle: llevado

¿Te llevo a la estación?

Shall I take you to the station?

Usage note For taking things or people away from here; traer is bringing toward the speaker. Also to wear: lleva gafas.

08

Places and directions

Find essential places in town, get around by transport, and follow simple directions.

16 entries

la calle

noun

street

Gender
feminine
Forms
la calle · las calles

La farmacia está en esta calle.

The pharmacy is on this street.

Usage note Use en for on a street. En la calle also means outside or out of the house.

la ciudad

noun

city

Gender
feminine
Forms
la ciudad · las ciudades

Madrid es una ciudad grande.

Madrid is a big city.

Usage note The final d is very soft or silent in everyday speech. The historic center is el centro.

la tienda

noun

store; shop

Gender
feminine
Forms
la tienda · las tiendas

La tienda abre a las nueve.

The store opens at nine.

Usage note Tienda de ropa is a clothes store; tienda de campaña is a tent.

el supermercado

noun

supermarket

Gender
masculine
Forms
el supermercado · los supermercados

El supermercado está al lado del banco.

The supermarket is next to the bank.

Usage note Often shortened to el súper in everyday speech.

el restaurante

noun

restaurant

Gender
masculine
Forms
el restaurante · los restaurantes

Cenamos en un restaurante mexicano.

We have dinner at a Mexican restaurant.

Usage note Masculine even though it ends in -e. Reservar una mesa means to book a table.

la estación

noun

station; season

Gender
feminine
Forms
la estación · las estaciones

Nos vemos en la estación de tren.

We'll meet at the train station.

Usage note Also means a season of the year: las cuatro estaciones.

el autobús

noun

bus

Gender
masculine
Forms
el autobús · los autobuses
Regional
Mexico: el camión; Caribbean: la guagua; Argentina: el colectivo

El autobús número cinco va al centro.

Bus number five goes downtown.

Usage note The plural autobuses has no accent. Short el bus is understood almost everywhere.

el tren

noun

train

Gender
masculine
Forms
el tren · los trenes

El tren sale a las once.

The train leaves at eleven.

Usage note En tren means by train, with no article, like en coche and en avión.

el coche

noun

car

Gender
masculine
Forms
el coche · los coches
Regional
Latin America: el carro; Argentina: el auto

Vamos en coche porque llueve.

We're going by car because it's raining.

Usage note The standard word in Spain; in Latin America it can sound old-fashioned.

cerca

adverb

near; nearby; close

Forms
invariable

La parada está cerca.

The stop is nearby.

Usage note Add de before a place: cerca de mi casa.

lejos

adverb

far; far away

Forms
invariable

La playa está lejos de aquí.

The beach is far from here.

Usage note Add de before a place. ¿Está lejos? is the quick way to ask if something is far.

la derecha

noun

right; right side

Gender
feminine
Forms
la derecha · usually singular

El banco está a la derecha.

The bank is on the right.

Usage note A la derecha means on or to the right. In Latin America todo derecho means straight ahead.

la izquierda

noun

left; left side

Gender
feminine
Forms
la izquierda · usually singular

La estación queda a la izquierda.

The station is on the left.

Usage note Quedar is often used in directions to say where something is.

caminar

verb

to walk

Forms
present: camino · preterite: caminé · participle: caminado

Camino diez minutos hasta la oficina.

I walk ten minutes to the office.

Usage note Andar is a common synonym in Spain; ir a pie means to go on foot.

viajar

verb

to travel

Forms
present: viajo · preterite: viajé · participle: viajado

Viajo a Chile en julio.

I'm traveling to Chile in July.

Usage note Transport follows en: viajar en avión. A trip is un viaje.

esperar

verb

to wait; to wait for; to hope

Forms
present: espero · preterite: esperé · participle: esperado

Espero el autobús frente al museo.

I wait for the bus across from the museum.

Usage note No word for for: espero el tren, and espero a mi madre with people. It also means to hope.

09

Numbers

Count, give ages, prices, and phone numbers, and put things in order.

20 entries

cero

numeral

zero

Forms
invariable

Hoy estamos a cero grados.

It's zero degrees today.

Usage note Nouns after cero are plural: cero grados, cero euros.

uno

numeral

one

Forms
uno · un · una

Tengo un hermano y una hermana.

I have one brother and one sister.

Usage note Becomes un before masculine nouns and una before feminine ones. Alone, you count uno.

dos

numeral

two

Forms
invariable

Quiero dos kilos de tomates.

I'd like two kilos of tomatoes.

Usage note Same form for both genders: dos hombres, dos mujeres. Los dos means both.

tres

numeral

three

Forms
invariable

La casa tiene tres habitaciones.

The house has three rooms.

Usage note Tres veces means three times. Trece (13) and treinta (30) are built from it.

cuatro

numeral

four

Forms
invariable

Somos cuatro en mi familia.

There are four of us in my family.

Usage note Somos + number says how many people are in a group: somos cuatro.

cinco

numeral

five

Forms
invariable

El tren sale en cinco minutos.

The train leaves in five minutes.

Usage note En cinco minutos means five minutes from now.

seis

numeral

six

Forms
invariable

Mi hijo tiene seis años.

My son is six years old.

Usage note Ages use tener: tengo seis años. Dieciséis (16) is one word with an accent.

siete

numeral

seven

Forms
invariable

La semana tiene siete días.

A week has seven days.

Usage note The e in the middle drops in setenta (70) and setecientos (700).

ocho

numeral

eight

Forms
invariable

Trabajo ocho horas al día.

I work eight hours a day.

Usage note Before ocho, the word o (or) becomes u: siete u ocho.

nueve

numeral

nine

Forms
invariable

Nueve más uno son diez.

Nine plus one is ten.

Usage note It gives noventa (90) and the irregular novecientos (900).

diez

numeral

ten

Forms
invariable

La tienda cierra a las diez.

The store closes at ten.

Usage note Numbers 16 to 19 build on it as one word: dieciséis, diecisiete.

once

numeral

eleven

Forms
invariable

El partido empieza a las once.

The game starts at eleven.

Usage note Not related to English once. In Chile, las once is an afternoon snack.

quince

numeral

fifteen

Forms
invariable

Vuelvo en quince minutos.

I'll be back in fifteen minutes.

Usage note Quince días is a common way to say two weeks. A quinceañera celebrates a girl's fifteenth birthday.

veinte

numeral

twenty

Forms
invariable

Este libro cuesta veinte dólares.

This book costs twenty dollars.

Usage note Numbers 21 to 29 are one word: veintiuno, veintidós.

cien

numeral

one hundred; a hundred

Forms
cien · ciento

El hotel tiene cien habitaciones.

The hotel has a hundred rooms.

Usage note Cien alone and before nouns; ciento in 101 to 199: ciento veinte. No un before it.

mil

numeral

thousand; one thousand

Forms
invariable

Mi bicicleta costó mil pesos.

My bike cost a thousand pesos.

Usage note No un before it: mil, not un mil. Miles de means thousands of.

primero

numeral

first

Forms
primero · primer · primera · primeros · primeras

Vivo en el primer piso.

I live on the first floor.

Usage note Shortens to primer before a masculine singular noun. As an adverb it means first of all.

segundo

numeral

second

Forms
segundo · segunda · segundos · segundas

Es mi segunda vez en México.

It's my second time in Mexico.

Usage note Also a noun for a second of time: un segundo, por favor.

último

adjective

last

Forms
último · última · últimos · últimas

Tomamos el último autobús.

We take the last bus.

Usage note Stressed and accented on the first syllable. It usually goes before the noun: la última vez.

el número

noun

number; size

Gender
masculine
Forms
el número · los números

¿Me das tu número de teléfono?

Can you give me your phone number?

Usage note Also shoe size: ¿qué número calzas? Written n.º for short.

10

Days, months, and dates

Name the days and months, say the date, and make plans for the week.

25 entries

el lunes

noun

Monday

Gender
masculine
Forms
el lunes · los lunes

El lunes empiezo un trabajo nuevo.

On Monday I start a new job.

Usage note No preposition: el lunes means on Monday. Days are written in lowercase.

el martes

noun

Tuesday

Gender
masculine
Forms
el martes · los martes

Los martes tengo clase de yoga.

On Tuesdays I have yoga class.

Usage note Los martes means every Tuesday. Martes trece is the unlucky day in Hispanic culture.

el miércoles

noun

Wednesday

Gender
masculine
Forms
el miércoles · los miércoles

El miércoles vamos al dentista.

On Wednesday we're going to the dentist.

Usage note Keep the accent on the first e. The plural looks the same: los miércoles.

el jueves

noun

Thursday

Gender
masculine
Forms
el jueves · los jueves

Nos vemos el jueves por la tarde.

See you Thursday afternoon.

Usage note Days ending in -s don't change in the plural: el jueves, los jueves.

el viernes

noun

Friday

Gender
masculine
Forms
el viernes · los viernes

El viernes salgo con mis amigos.

On Friday I'm going out with my friends.

Usage note Viernes por la noche is a classic time to go out in the Spanish-speaking world.

el sábado

noun

Saturday

Gender
masculine
Forms
el sábado · los sábados

¿Qué haces el sábado por la noche?

What are you doing Saturday night?

Usage note Unlike the other weekdays, it adds -s in the plural: los sábados.

el domingo

noun

Sunday

Gender
masculine
Forms
el domingo · los domingos

Los domingos comemos en casa de mi abuela.

On Sundays we have lunch at my grandmother's.

Usage note Calendars in Spanish start on Monday, so Sunday is the last day of the week.

enero

noun

January

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable

En enero hace mucho frío aquí.

It's very cold here in January.

Usage note Written in lowercase, like all months. Use en for in a month: en enero.

febrero

noun

February

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable

Febrero es el mes más corto.

February is the shortest month.

Usage note Months are masculine, so adjectives agree: un febrero frío.

marzo

noun

March

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable

Las clases empiezan en marzo.

Classes start in March.

Usage note In Chile and Argentina the school year begins in March, after the summer.

abril

noun

April

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable

El diez de abril es mi aniversario.

April tenth is my anniversary.

Usage note Dates use plain numbers, not first or tenth: el diez de abril.

mayo

noun

May

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable

Nos casamos el tres de mayo.

We're getting married on May third.

Usage note In Mexico, Mother's Day is always el diez de mayo, whatever the weekday.

junio

noun

June

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable

En junio terminan las clases.

Classes end in June.

Usage note Don't mix up junio (June) and julio (July); only the n and l differ.

julio

noun

July

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable

Julio es mi mes favorito.

July is my favorite month.

Usage note Also a common man's name, Julio, which is written with a capital letter.

agosto

noun

August

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable

En agosto muchas tiendas cierran por vacaciones.

In August many stores close for the holidays.

Usage note In Spain August is the main holiday month, and big cities empty out.

septiembre

noun

September

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable
Regional
Peru, Uruguay: setiembre

Mi hija empieza la escuela en septiembre.

My daughter starts school in September.

Usage note Lowercase like all months. The spelling setiembre is also correct.

octubre

noun

October

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable

Mis padres llegan a finales de octubre.

My parents arrive at the end of October.

Usage note A finales de means at the end of; a principios de means at the beginning of.

noviembre

noun

November

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable

El dos de noviembre es el Día de Muertos.

November second is the Day of the Dead.

Usage note For the first day of a month, say el uno or, in much of Latin America, el primero.

diciembre

noun

December

Gender
masculine
Forms
invariable

En diciembre viajamos a Colombia.

In December we travel to Colombia.

Usage note Full dates join the parts with de: el veinticinco de diciembre de dos mil veinte.

el fin de semana

noun

weekend

Gender
masculine
Forms
el fin de semana · los fines de semana

¿Qué planes tienes para el fin de semana?

What plans do you have for the weekend?

Usage note Only the first word changes in the plural: los fines de semana. Informally, el finde.

el día

noun

day

Gender
masculine
Forms
el día · los días

¿Qué día es hoy?

What day is it today?

Usage note Masculine although it ends in -a: buen día. Al día means per day.

la semana

noun

week

Gender
feminine
Forms
la semana · las semanas

Voy al gimnasio dos veces por semana.

I go to the gym twice a week.

Usage note La semana que viene and la próxima semana both mean next week.

el mes

noun

month

Gender
masculine
Forms
el mes · los meses

Mi curso dura tres meses.

My course lasts three months.

Usage note El mes pasado means last month; al mes means per month.

el año

noun

year

Gender
masculine
Forms
el año · los años

Este año estudio en México.

This year I'm studying in Mexico.

Usage note Keep the ñ: año is year, but ano is a rude word. Ages use años.

la fecha

noun

date

Gender
feminine
Forms
la fecha · las fechas

Escribe la fecha en la pizarra.

Write the date on the board.

Usage note Only a calendar date; a romantic date is una cita.

11

Time, weather, and celebrations

Tell the time, say when things happen, describe the weather, and talk about parties and holidays.

25 entries

la hora

noun

hour; time (of day)

Gender
feminine
Forms
la hora · las horas

¿A qué hora abre el banco?

What time does the bank open?

Usage note ¿Qué hora es? asks the time; ¿a qué hora...? asks when something happens.

la mañana

noun

morning

Gender
feminine
Forms
la mañana · las mañanas

Salgo a correr por la mañana.

I go running in the morning.

Usage note Por la mañana means in the morning; after a clock time say de la mañana: a las ocho de la mañana.

la tarde

noun

afternoon; evening

Gender
feminine
Forms
la tarde · las tardes

La clase termina por la tarde.

The class ends in the afternoon.

Usage note Runs from lunch until dark, so it often covers the early evening.

la noche

noun

night; evening

Gender
feminine
Forms
la noche · las noches

Esta noche cenamos en casa.

Tonight we're having dinner at home.

Usage note Esta noche means tonight; anoche means last night.

hoy

adverb

today

Forms
invariable

Hoy trabajo desde casa.

Today I'm working from home.

Usage note Hoy en día means nowadays. It never takes a preposition: hoy trabajo.

mañana

adverb

tomorrow

Forms
invariable

Mañana vamos a la playa.

Tomorrow we're going to the beach.

Usage note Without an article it means tomorrow; mañana por la mañana is tomorrow morning.

ayer

adverb

yesterday

Forms
invariable

Ayer fui al cine con Marta.

Yesterday I went to the movies with Marta.

Usage note Usually goes with a past tense. Anteayer means the day before yesterday.

ahora

adverb

now

Forms
invariable

Ahora no puedo hablar.

I can't talk now.

Usage note Ahora mismo means right now. In Mexico ahorita can mean right now or in a little while.

temprano

adverb

early

Forms
invariable

El vuelo sale muy temprano.

The flight leaves very early.

Usage note As an adverb it never changes. The opposite is tarde.

tarde

adverb

late

Forms
invariable

Llegamos tarde a clase.

We're late for class.

Usage note As an adverb it means late; with an article, la tarde is the afternoon.

antes

adverb

before; earlier

Forms
invariable

Lávate las manos antes de comer.

Wash your hands before eating.

Usage note Antes de + noun or infinitive: antes de la cena, antes de salir.

después

adverb

after; afterward; later

Forms
invariable

Comemos y después damos un paseo.

We eat and afterward take a walk.

Usage note Después de + noun or infinitive: después del trabajo.

siempre

adverb

always

Forms
invariable

Siempre desayuno en casa.

I always have breakfast at home.

Usage note Usually before the verb. Para siempre means forever.

nunca

adverb

never

Forms
invariable

Nunca bebo café por la noche.

I never drink coffee at night.

Usage note Before the verb it stands alone; after the verb it needs no: no bebo nunca café.

el tiempo

noun

weather; time

Gender
masculine
Forms
el tiempo · los tiempos

¿Qué tiempo hace hoy?

What's the weather like today?

Usage note Also time in general: no tengo tiempo. For clock time use la hora.

el sol

noun

sun; sunshine

Gender
masculine
Forms
el sol · los soles

Hoy hay sol y hace calor.

It's sunny and hot today.

Usage note Hace sol and hay sol both mean it's sunny; tomar el sol means to sunbathe.

la lluvia

noun

rain

Gender
feminine
Forms
la lluvia · las lluvias

Con esta lluvia no salgo de casa.

I'm not leaving the house in this rain.

Usage note The verb is llover. Bajo la lluvia means in the rain.

el calor

noun

heat

Gender
masculine
Forms
el calor · usually singular

Hoy hace mucho calor.

It's very hot today.

Usage note Hace calor for weather, tengo calor for how you feel. Avoid estoy caliente, which can sound sexual.

el frío

noun

cold

Gender
masculine
Forms
el frío · usually singular

Tengo frío, ¿cierras la ventana?

I'm cold, can you close the window?

Usage note Tener frío is how you feel; hacer frío describes the weather. Frío is also the adjective cold.

llover

verb

to rain

Forms
present: llueve · preterite: llovió · participle: llovido

Mañana va a llover todo el día.

It's going to rain all day tomorrow.

Usage note Only used in the third person singular: llueve, llovió. Llover a cántaros means to pour.

hacer buen tiempo

verb

the weather is nice; to be nice out

Forms
present: hace buen tiempo · preterite: hizo buen tiempo · participle: hecho

Hace buen tiempo para ir a la playa.

The weather is nice for going to the beach.

Usage note Always third person singular. The opposite is hace mal tiempo.

hacer frío

verb

to be cold (weather)

Forms
present: hace frío · preterite: hizo frío · participle: hecho

En Bogotá hace frío por la noche.

It's cold at night in Bogotá.

Usage note Only for weather; for people use tener frío, and for things estar frío.

el cumpleaños

noun

birthday

Gender
masculine
Forms
el cumpleaños · los cumpleaños

Hoy es el cumpleaños de mi madre.

Today is my mother's birthday.

Usage note Same form in the singular and plural. Feliz cumpleaños means happy birthday.

las vacaciones

noun

vacation; holidays

Gender
feminine
Forms
las vacaciones · always plural

Nos vamos de vacaciones en agosto.

We're going on vacation in August.

Usage note Always plural. Estar de vacaciones means to be on vacation.

la fiesta

noun

party; holiday; festival

Gender
feminine
Forms
la fiesta · las fiestas

El sábado hay una fiesta en mi casa.

There's a party at my place on Saturday.

Usage note Also a public holiday or local festival: las fiestas del pueblo. Hacer una fiesta means to throw a party.

12

Body, senses, and feelings

Name basic body parts, describe simple symptoms, and say how you feel.

19 entries

el cuerpo

noun

body

Gender
masculine
Forms
el cuerpo · los cuerpos

El cuerpo necesita agua y descanso.

The body needs water and rest.

Usage note Todo el cuerpo means the whole body: me duele todo el cuerpo.

la cabeza

noun

head

Gender
feminine
Forms
la cabeza · las cabezas

Me duele la cabeza.

I have a headache.

Usage note With body parts Spanish uses the article, not my: me duele la cabeza.

el ojo

noun

eye

Gender
masculine
Forms
el ojo · los ojos

Tengo algo en el ojo.

I have something in my eye.

Usage note ¡Ojo! on its own is an informal warning meaning watch out.

la mano

noun

hand

Gender
feminine
Forms
la mano · las manos

Levanta la mano si tienes una pregunta.

Raise your hand if you have a question.

Usage note Feminine even though it ends in -o. Hecho a mano means handmade.

el pie

noun

foot

Gender
masculine
Forms
el pie · los pies

Vamos a pie, está muy cerca.

Let's walk, it's very close.

Usage note A pie means on foot. De pie means standing up.

el médico

noun

doctor

Gender
masculine
Forms
el médico · los médicos

Tengo cita con el médico mañana.

I have a doctor's appointment tomorrow.

Usage note A female doctor is la médica. Doctor and doctora are common when speaking to one.

el dolor

noun

pain; ache

Gender
masculine
Forms
el dolor · los dolores

Tengo dolor de espalda.

I have back pain.

Usage note Dolor de + body part names the pain: dolor de cabeza, dolor de muelas.

doler

verb

to hurt; to ache

Forms
present: me duele · preterite: me dolió · participle: dolido

Me duelen los pies.

My feet hurt.

Usage note Works like gustar: the body part is the subject, so plural parts take duelen.

enfermo

adjective

sick; ill

Forms
enfermo · enferma · enfermos · enfermas

Mi hija está enferma y no va a clase.

My daughter is sick and isn't going to class.

Usage note Used with estar. Enfermarse (Latin America) or ponerse enfermo (Spain) means to get sick.

cansado

adjective

tired

Forms
cansado · cansada · cansados · cansadas

Estamos cansados después de caminar.

We're tired after walking.

Usage note With estar it means tired; ser cansado means tiring.

sentirse

verb

to feel

Forms
present: me siento · preterite: me sentí · participle: sentido

Hoy me siento mejor.

I feel better today.

Usage note Followed by adjectives or adverbs: me siento bien. Careful: me siento also means I sit down, from sentarse.

feliz

adjective

happy

Forms
feliz · felices

Estamos felices en nuestra nueva casa.

We're happy in our new home.

Usage note Same form for both genders; plural felices. Common in wishes: feliz cumpleaños.

triste

adjective

sad

Forms
triste · tristes

Ana está triste porque su amiga se va.

Ana is sad because her friend is leaving.

Usage note Estar triste is a mood; ser triste describes something sad, like a film.

tener hambre

verb

to be hungry

Forms
present: tengo hambre · preterite: tuve hambre · participle: tenido

Los niños siempre tienen hambre.

The kids are always hungry.

Usage note Hambre is a noun, so intensify with mucha, not muy: tengo mucha hambre.

tener sed

verb

to be thirsty

Forms
present: tengo sed · preterite: tuve sed · participle: tenido

Tengo sed, ¿hay agua fría?

I'm thirsty, is there any cold water?

Usage note Same pattern as tener hambre; say mucha sed, not muy sed.

tener miedo

verb

to be afraid; to be scared

Forms
present: tengo miedo · preterite: tuve miedo · participle: tenido

Mi hijo tiene miedo de la oscuridad.

My son is afraid of the dark.

Usage note The cause follows de or a: miedo a los perros. Intensify with mucho: tengo mucho miedo.

ver

verb

to see; to watch

Forms
present: veo · preterite: vi · participle: visto

No veo bien sin mis gafas.

I can't see well without my glasses.

Usage note Irregular participle visto. Ver la tele means to watch TV.

mirar

verb

to look at; to watch

Forms
present: miro · preterite: miré · participle: mirado

Miramos una película en casa.

We watch a movie at home.

Usage note No word for at: mira el mapa. Mira alone is used to get attention.

oír

verb

to hear

Forms
present: oigo · preterite: oí · participle: oído

No te oigo, hay mucho ruido.

I can't hear you, it's very noisy.

Usage note Oír is to hear; escuchar is to listen. Irregular oigo, oyes, oye.

13

Study and communication

Handle classroom language, talk about school and work, and keep a basic conversation going.

18 entries

la escuela

noun

school

Gender
feminine
Forms
la escuela · las escuelas

Los niños van a la escuela a pie.

The children walk to school.

Usage note Mostly primary school. Colegio is also very common for school, especially in Spain.

la clase

noun

class; lesson; classroom

Gender
feminine
Forms
la clase · las clases

La clase de español empieza ahora.

Spanish class starts now.

Usage note Also the classroom itself. Dar clase means to teach a class.

el profesor

noun

teacher

Gender
masculine
Forms
el profesor · los profesores

El profesor escribe en la pizarra.

The teacher writes on the board.

Usage note Any teacher, not only at a university; the feminine is la profesora. Maestro is common for primary school.

el estudiante

noun

student

Gender
common
Forms
el/la estudiante · los/las estudiantes

La estudiante hace una pregunta.

The student asks a question.

Usage note The article shows gender: el estudiante, la estudiante. Alumno is a common synonym.

el trabajo

noun

work; job

Gender
masculine
Forms
el trabajo · los trabajos

Tengo mucho trabajo esta semana.

I have a lot of work this week.

Usage note Also a school assignment: un trabajo de historia. Buscar trabajo means to look for a job.

la palabra

noun

word

Gender
feminine
Forms
la palabra · las palabras

No entiendo esta palabra.

I don't understand this word.

Usage note Also means a promise: te doy mi palabra. Palabrota is a swear word.

la pregunta

noun

question

Gender
feminine
Forms
la pregunta · las preguntas

Tengo una pregunta sobre la tarea.

I have a question about the homework.

Usage note Hacer una pregunta means to ask a question; never preguntar una pregunta.

la respuesta

noun

answer; reply

Gender
feminine
Forms
la respuesta · las respuestas

La respuesta está en el libro.

The answer is in the book.

Usage note Also a reply to a message or letter: no tengo respuesta.

entender

verb

to understand

Forms
present: entiendo · preterite: entendí · participle: entendido

Entiendo la pregunta, pero no sé la respuesta.

I understand the question, but I don't know the answer.

Usage note The e changes to ie: entiendo, but entendemos. Comprender is a close synonym.

aprender

verb

to learn

Forms
present: aprendo · preterite: aprendí · participle: aprendido

Aprendo palabras nuevas cada día.

I learn new words every day.

Usage note Aprender a + infinitive: aprendo a nadar.

preguntar

verb

to ask

Forms
present: pregunto · preterite: pregunté · participle: preguntado

Pregunto la hora a una señora.

I ask a woman the time.

Usage note For asking questions; to ask for something use pedir. The person asked follows a.

responder

verb

to answer; to reply

Forms
present: respondo · preterite: respondí · participle: respondido

Responde a mi mensaje, por favor.

Please reply to my message.

Usage note Takes a before what you answer: responder a una pregunta. Contestar is a close synonym.

escuchar

verb

to listen; to listen to

Forms
present: escucho · preterite: escuché · participle: escuchado

Escucho la radio mientras desayuno.

I listen to the radio while I have breakfast.

Usage note No word for to: escucho música. Oír is simply to hear.

decir

verb

to say; to tell

Forms
present: digo · preterite: dije · participle: dicho

Marta dice que llega tarde.

Marta says she's arriving late.

Usage note Irregular digo, dije, dicho. ¿Cómo se dice...? asks how to say something.

saber

verb

to know; to know how to

Forms
present: sé · preterite: supe · participle: sabido

No sé su número de teléfono.

I don't know his phone number.

Usage note For facts and skills: sé nadar. For people and places use conocer.

poder

verb

can; to be able to

Forms
present: puedo · preterite: pude · participle: podido

¿Puedes abrir la ventana?

Can you open the window?

Usage note Followed by an infinitive. ¿Puedo...? asks for permission.

deber

verb

must; should; to owe

Forms
present: debo · preterite: debí · participle: debido

Debo llamar a mi madre esta tarde.

I must call my mother this afternoon.

Usage note Followed directly by an infinitive. With a noun it means to owe: te debo diez euros.

llamar

verb

to call; to phone

Forms
present: llamo · preterite: llamé · participle: llamado

Te llamo esta noche.

I'll call you tonight.

Usage note Put a before people: llamo a mi madre. Llamarse means to be called.

14

Colors and descriptions

Describe size, appearance, difficulty, and color.

12 entries

grande

adjective

big; large; great

Forms
grande · gran · grandes

Esta camiseta me queda grande.

This T-shirt is too big for me.

Usage note Becomes gran before a singular noun and then usually means great: una gran ciudad.

pequeño

adjective

small; little

Forms
pequeño · pequeña · pequeños · pequeñas

Necesito una mesa pequeña.

I need a small table.

Usage note Also means young: cuando era pequeño. Chico is a common synonym in Latin America.

bonito

adjective

pretty; nice

Forms
bonito · bonita · bonitos · bonitas

¡Qué bonito es este parque!

This park is so pretty!

Usage note Lindo is more common in much of Latin America; bello sounds more literary.

nuevo

adjective

new

Forms
nuevo · nueva · nuevos · nuevas

Tenemos una profesora nueva.

We have a new teacher.

Usage note After the noun it means brand-new; before it, it means another: un nuevo trabajo.

fácil

adjective

easy

Forms
fácil · fáciles

Este ejercicio es fácil.

This exercise is easy.

Usage note Same form for both genders. Fácil de + infinitive: fácil de usar.

difícil

adjective

difficult; hard

Forms
difícil · difíciles

La última pregunta es difícil.

The last question is difficult.

Usage note For hard tasks use difícil, not duro, which means hard to the touch.

rojo

adjective

red

Forms
rojo · roja · rojos · rojas

La puerta roja está cerrada.

The red door is closed.

Usage note Agrees with the noun: coche rojo, casa roja. Red hair is pelo rojo or pelirrojo.

azul

adjective

blue

Forms
azul · azules

Lleva una camisa azul.

He's wearing a blue shirt.

Usage note No gender change: coche azul, casa azul. Azul marino is navy blue.

verde

adjective

green; unripe

Forms
verde · verdes

Los plátanos todavía están verdes.

The bananas are still green.

Usage note Same form for both genders. Estar verde means unripe, or not ready yet.

blanco

adjective

white

Forms
blanco · blanca · blancos · blancas

Las paredes son blancas.

The walls are white.

Usage note Vino blanco is white wine; en blanco means blank.

negro

adjective

black

Forms
negro · negra · negros · negras

Tengo un gato negro.

I have a black cat.

Usage note Café negro is black coffee in Latin America; in Spain it is café solo.

amarillo

adjective

yellow

Forms
amarillo · amarilla · amarillos · amarillas

El taxi amarillo nos espera fuera.

The yellow taxi is waiting for us outside.

Usage note Agrees with the noun. The ll sounds like English y in most regions.

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